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Social learning social facilitation, mimicry, emulation, imitation, modeling
Psychology 1002 (PSYC1002)
University of Sydney
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Social learning, social facilitation, mimicry,
emulation, imitation, modeling
Social learning Instrumental and classical conditioning involves learning from direct experience Behaviourists (Skinner/Watson): all behaviour results from... conditioning and reinforcement generalization of learned responses
What about learning from the experience of others? When behaviour changes as a direct result of observing the behaviour of others Acquiring the behaviour of others through observation Acquiring new/altered behaviours through observation of others’ actions and their consequences
Instrumental conditioning from direct experience of cream layer from milk. Serves as a reinforcer. Many birds around specific parts of UK developed milk pecking English blue tit learns to open milk bottles and steal cream Birds seemed to learn this response by observing others Example of observational learning? Or is it a complex example of simple learning mechanisms?
Instrumental Conditioning (Trial and error)
R à Pecking the lid
Rft à Access to milk
(Sd à milkman gone)
Social facilitation vs Social Learning? Social facilitation refers to situations where learning from direct (your own) experience is benefitted by virtue of you being in a social group Definition: A change of behaviour caused by observing someone else's behaviour Observational learning = social learning These are considered facilitation because you're following the conspecific around and you're not observing them. You're naturally going to experience things for yourself or because your behaviour changes for other reasons not because you're observing their behaviour directly.
Goal Enhancement
Social facilitation vs Social Learning?
Goal Enhancement
Getting access to some wanted goal might facilitate later trial and error learning, e. access to cream which is not usually readily available
Stimulus Enhancement
Observe others and are often more likely approach places that they are, e. the milk bottles
Increased Motivation to Act
Try more new things in the company of friends and parents Classical conditioning through social observation?
The behaviour of others can act as a US that supports classical conditioning If behaviour of conspecific elicits a particular response automatically
Also suggested a biological preparedness to learn some things but not others
flower bad, toy snake good (FL+/SN-)
displays some preparedness to be afraid of snakes
Some suggestion that its specific to aversive conditioning
flower good, toy snake bad– (SN+/FL-)
Instrumental learning through social observation?
How do we learn to perform the same behaviours as others? How do we learn based on the observation of the consequences of the actions of others? Social (instrumental) learning
Mimicry
copying without reference to a goal
e. Chimpanzees obtaining food with a rake Chimpanzees observing another chimpanzee pick up food by using a rake to drag it over when given the opportunity they know to use a rake but would bat at the food instead of dragging it over, social learning with a lack of understanding.
Imitation - test: two action task
Copied actions made with respect to the goal/consequence A replication of the same response(s) made by the ‘performer’.
e. infants solving two-action tasks in the same manner the demonstrater did
This would be considered imitation and discriminative learning (does not do it in front of mother but not negative reinforcement (not giving someone something to encourage a certain behaviour)
People actively watch others to gain knowledge about the type of things that they do Use that knowledge in situations where it’s useful, Information is not always used immediately. Violent videogames do affect children's behaviour There is a goal in this scenario as the idea that the child is motivated to behave in a similar fashion to people they look up to. less tangible goal but still a goal
Bandura (1965) How does reinforcement influence modeling? Three groups Model rewarded Model punished No consequence
Model observed on TV Two tests; no incentive and positive incentive
Modeling is reinforcement dependent
Modeling can occur through TV, not just in person
Social cognition theory
Attention to the model, Incorporate the model’s actions into memory, Requires having the ability to reproduce the actions of the model, The motivation to reproduce the actions of the model Was the model reinforced? Is the reinforcer currently desired? Someone they like - will copy
Social learning social facilitation, mimicry, emulation, imitation, modeling
Course: Psychology 1002 (PSYC1002)
University: University of Sydney
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