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Chapter 7 Human Memory

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Introduction to Psychology I (1001)

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Psyc chap 7

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1. What is the order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used

later?

a. encoding, storage, retrieval

b. acquisition, encoding, retrieval

c. encoding, retrieval, storage

d. storage, retrieval, acquisition

ANSWER: a

2. What must occur in order for a memory to be stored?

a. encoding

b. retrieval

c. modelling

d. chunking

ANSWER: a

3. Jorge listens attentively to the premier’s speech and converts the information from the speech into new memories.

What process allows Jorge to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time?

a. encoding

b. storage

c. retrieval

d. priming

ANSWER: a

4. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first-semester Spanish class after the class has ended.

What memory process accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended

periods of time?

a. encoding

b. retrieval

c. chunking

d. storage

ANSWER: d

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

5. Which memory process would you be using if you were attempting to remember where you left your keys?

a. encoding

b. storage

c. retrieval

d. acquisition

ANSWER: c

6. What is the term for the process of remembering?

a. encoding

b. information registry

c. retrieval

d. storage

ANSWER: c

7. Thalia studied for her midterm and when her roommate quizzed her, she gave correct answers to all sorts of

questions. The day of the midterm, however, Thalia was unable to provide answers to questions that she had

answered the night before. What can you conclude from this memory failure?

a. Thalia stored the information appropriately, but her encoding was faulty.

b. Thalia encoded and stored the wrong information.

c. Thalia did not actually encode the information.

d. Thalia encoded the information and stored it, but she was unable to retrieve it.

ANSWER: d

8. Zachariah was nervous about his midterm exams, but once he started he found that he was able to accurately

recall the necessary information. Which memory process accounts for Zachariah’s access and utilization of the

information in his memory?

a. encoding

b. storage

c. retrieval

d. rehearsal

ANSWER: c

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

13. Frances is daydreaming during her botany class and has not been listening to the lecture at all. She is suddenly

aware that her professor has just called her name and is waiting for her to respond to a question that has been

asked. Which type of model is supported by this example?

a. early-selection model of attention

b. late-selection model of attention

c. retroactive model of attention

d. acoustic-blocking model of attention

ANSWER: b

14. Even if you are not attending to a particular conversation between two people, you may notice if one of the

people says your name. What is the term for this type of occurrence?

a. Posner effect

b. Craik effect

c. cocktail party phenomenon

d. self-referent phenomenon

ANSWER: c

15. Cherie is trying to do two things at once. She is completing a time-limited online quiz for a very important course

(so she has to pay attention to the questions), and she is trying to monitor a conversation going on behind her,

involving some juicy gossip. Which of the following would you expect if you asked Cherie to recall as much as

possible about the conversation?

a. She would not remember as much as she would have if she had focused on the conversation.

b. She would have excellent memory for the conversation, because parallel-distributed processing would

temporarily allow her to monitor two streams of content.

c. She would have poor memory for components of the conversation that were similar in content to the quiz.

d. She would remember more than usual about the conversation, because the topic was personally relevant.

ANSWER: a

16. Which of the following has been demonstrated to be the least dangerous method of conversation while driving?

a. using text messaging

b. talking on a hands-free cellular phone

c. talking to passengers in the vehicle

d. talking on a hand-held cellular phone

ANSWER: c

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

17. When a driver of a vehicle is having a conversation, which of the following is most likely to lead to problems with

driving?

a. conflicting recommendations from backseat drivers

b. changes in emotional reactivity

c. divided attention

d. inability to detect other auditory stimuli

ANSWER: c

18. Which of the following was NOT a level of processing associated with verbal information as suggested by Craik

and Lockhart?

a. functional

b. phonemic

c. structural

d. semantic

ANSWER: a

19. Kiana was given a list of words as part of a memory test that included “dog, pail, and hate.” Later, she recalled

these words as “dig, paint, and hard.” Based on Kiana’s errors in recall, how did she encode the original word

list?

a. implicitly

b. semantically

c. phonemically

d. structurally

ANSWER: d

20. In which level of processing is emphasis placed on the sounds of words?

a. morphemic

b. phonemic

c. platonic

d. mnemonic

ANSWER: b

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

25. What is the deepest level of processing of information in memory?

a. triarchic level of encoding

b. attentional encoding

c. semantic level of encoding

d. dyadic encoding

ANSWER: c

26. Which level of processing should result in the longest lasting memory codes?

a. semantic

b. phonemic

c. structural

d. mnemonic

ANSWER: a

27. Two students took a memory test where they had to remember 20 words that were flashed on a screen. Mallory

tried to think of rhymes for each word as it appeared on the monitor. Bailey tried to think of ways each word

could be used in a sentence. Which of the following should you predict based on Craik and Lockhart’s levels­of­

processing theory?

a. Mallory will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.

b. Bailey will have better recall of the words because she used semantic encoding.

c. Bailey will have poorer recall of the words because she used structural encoding.

d. Both students should have equivalent recall of the words.

ANSWER: b

28. Which of the following is an example of structural encoding?

a. remembering a series of symbols by noting the angle of each of the lines

b. remembering a grocery list by visualizing the cake you will make with the ingredients

c. thinking of definitions for each word you must remember

d. thinking of rhyming words for each item on your shopping list

ANSWER: a

29. Which of the following is an example of phonemic encoding?

a. memorizing lines from a poem

b. remembering a grocery list by visualizing the cake you will make with the ingredients

c. thinking of definitions for each word you must remember

d. thinking of rhyming words for each item on your shopping list

ANSWER: d

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

30. Which of the following is an example of semantic encoding?

a. memorizing lines from a poem

b. remembering a grocery list by visualizing the cake you will make with the ingredients

c. thinking of definitions for each word you must remember

d. thinking of rhyming words for each item on your shopping list

ANSWER: c

31. What does the process of elaboration involve?

a. linking a stimulus to other information at the time of encoding

b. decreasing the complexity of the material to be remembered

c. forming two kinds of memory code for each word

d. the creation of visual images to represent the words to be remembered

ANSWER: a

32. Hugh is studying for his geography test. He is in a hurry, so he focuses on memorizing the main points of the text

and skips all of the examples that the authors provide to illustrate each main point. Which of the following is true

for this case?

a. Hugh is using an efficient study strategy, because examples often cause students to become confused

about key issues.

b. Hugh’s strategy is ineffective and he will probably not retain many of the main ideas that he reads.

c. Hugh is chunking to create fewer storage units, and this should aid his later recall of the information.

d. Hugh is using deep processing, which should produce a very durable memory for the material.

ANSWER: b

33. Naomi is studying for her physics exam. While she is studying, she thinks about each lab demonstration that was

used to illustrate key ideas. Which of the following is true for this case?

a. Naomi uses shallow processing that does not focus on the underlying meaning of the material she is

reading.

b. Naomi is using an efficient study strategy, because examples should help her to recall key ideas.

c. Naomi employs the linking method to create a more complete semantic network.

d. Naomi’s strategy is an ineffective study strategy because it will probably cause her to confuse many of the

key ideas.

ANSWER: b

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

38. Whitney’s neighbours are surprised that she never forgets their anniversary, but their wedding anniversary falls on

the same day as Whitney’s birthday, so she finds it an easy date to remember. Which of the following is

illustrated by Whitney’s easy recall of the anniversary date?

a. spreading activation in a semantic network

b. prospective memory processes

c. semantic encoding

d. self-referent encoding

ANSWER: d

39. Several friends are arguing over the actual date of Will and Kate’s royal wedding. Some of them think it was in

May, several think it was in early April, and one thinks it may have been in June. Seth confidently tells them it

was on April 29, because it was the same day that his daughter was born. Which of the following is illustrated by

the example of Seth’s accurate recall?

a. prospective memory processes

b. semantic encoding

c. self-referent encoding

d. spreading activation in a semantic network

ANSWER: c

40. What types of memory stores are described in the Atkinson-Shiffrin memory model?

a. sensory, short-term, and long-term stores

b. short-, medium-, and long-term stores

c. four different memory stores

d. sensory, short-term, medium-term, and long-term stores

ANSWER: a

41. Which type of memory is stored for the shortest period of time?

a. working

b. sensory

c. short-term

d. long-term

ANSWER: b

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

42. Cindy is watching her little sister as she skips rope. As long as the rope is turning, all Cindy can see is a blur of

colour. She can make out only the shape of the skipping rope when her sister stops skipping. Which of the

following accounts for the “blurred” image that Cindy sees while the rope is moving?

a. function of sensory memory

b. rehearsal of short-term memory

c. formation of flashbulb memory

d. encoding of episodic memory

ANSWER: a

43. A 1-800 number for a product Ronald was interested in flashed on the television screen. Unfortunately, the

number disappeared before Ronald was able to write down the last three digits. However, Ronald found he had

a momentary mental image of the phone number, and he was able to complete it, even though the number had

disappeared. Which of the following is illustrated by Ronald’s experience?

a. procedural memory

b. flashbulb memory

c. cued recall

d. sensory memory

ANSWER: d

44. Which of the following is a characteristic of a sensory memory?

a. It usually lasts for about 30 seconds.

b. It can be maintained indefinitely by rehearsal.

c. It gives you more time to recognize a stimulus.

d. It is usually stored acoustically.

ANSWER: c

45. Which type of memory would you have to rely on if you try to recall the exact sound that you heard about 15

seconds ago?

a. long-term

b. short-term

c. sensory

d. prospective

ANSWER: b

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

50. Which of the following researchers is known for identifying the “magical number” for the capacity of short­term

memory?

a. George Sperling

b. Hermann Ebbinghaus

c. Richard Atkinson

d. George Miller

ANSWER: d

51. Mark is listening as his roommate lists 14 things that they need to buy for their apartment before the end of the

week. Based on George Miller’s research into short­term memory capacity, how many items is Mark likely to

remember if he doesn’t write the items down as he hears them?

a. fewer than 5 items

b. between 5 and 9 items

c. approximately 10 to 12 items

d. all 14 items

ANSWER: b

52. According to Cowan, the capacity of short-term memory has been overestimated in previous research. What is

the capacity suggested by Cowan?

a. 4 items, plus or minus 1

b. 5 items, plus or minus 2

c. 7 items, plus or minus 2

d. 8 items, plus or minus 1

ANSWER: a

53. Why have earlier studies of short-term memory capacity overestimated its capacity, according to Cowan?

a. The studies failed to control for prior exposure to familiar test items.

b. Researchers used university students with above-average memory abilities.

c. Researchers used nonsense syllables, which are unnatural stimuli.

d. The studies failed to control for participants’ tendency to chunk information.

ANSWER: d

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

54. Jade rearranges the letters HI TRE DBA T into “hit red bat” in order to remember them more easily. Which

technique is this an example of?

a. rehearsal

b. elaboration

c. clustering

d. chunking

ANSWER: d

55. Which memory system is referred to in your text as “working memory”?

a. sensory memory

b. prospective memory

c. short-term memory

d. long-term memory

ANSWER: c

56. As Art was walking out the door of his apartment, he was quickly running through a mental list of all the things he

was supposed to take with him. He went through the complete list of items four or five times, just to make sure

he hadn’t forgotten anything. Which memory component was Art using, based on Baddeley’s model of working

memory?

a. visuospatial sketchpad

b. prospective memory

c. executive control system

d. phonological loop

ANSWER: d

57. Which of the following components is NOT included in Baddeley’s model of short­term or working memory?

a. executive control system

b. rehearsal loop

c. visuospatial sketchpad

d. sensory memory

ANSWER: d

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

62. Which of the following was achieved by Baddeley’s concept of working memory?

a. It recognizes the complexity of short-term memory.

b. It expands the functions and processes of long-term memory.

c. It integrates sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory into a single, complex system.

d. It takes the place of the old concept of sensory memory.

ANSWER: a

63. Which of the following is associated with cognitive abilities like reading comprehension or complex reasoning?

a. sensory memory capacity

b. working memory capacity

c. trace memory capacity

d. long-term memory capacity

ANSWER: b

64. If you needed to hire someone with really strong complex reasoning skills, which of the following should that

person have?

a. durable sensory memory

b. large working memory capacity

c. rigid executive control system

d. reliable phonological rehearsal loop

ANSWER: b

65. Which memory system has an almost unlimited storage capacity?

a. sensory

b. long-term

c. working

d. phonological

ANSWER: b

66. What type of memories are unusually vivid and detailed recollections of momentous events?

a. flashbulb memories

b. nondeclarative memories

c. episodic memories

d. sensory memories

ANSWER: a

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

67. Miles has very vivid memories of a car accident he witnessed five years ago. When he closes his eyes and thinks

about the accident, he feels as if he can recall every detail of it, right down to the brand name printed on the tires

of one of the cars. What is this type of memory called?

a. procedural memory

b. sensory memory

c. implicit memory

d. flashbulb memory

ANSWER: d

68. In Serena’s philosophy class, they are discussing cases of terrorism, and when they get to the attacks on the

World Trade Center in New York City, Serena suddenly has a vivid memory of watching the footage of the

plane crash. She feels like she can recall every detail of that morning, right down to the breakfast that she and her

family were eating. What type of memory is illustrated in this example?

a. flashbulb memory

b. implicit memory

c. sensory memory

d. procedural memory

ANSWER: a

69. Which of the following has been demonstrated by researchers who investigated the accuracy of flashbulb

memories following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?

a. Flashbulb memories are more vivid because they contain hallucinatory (and therefore inaccurate) details.

b. Flashbulb memories are more vivid and more accurate than typical memories.

c. Flashbulb memories contain more visual information than typical memories, which makes them less

accurate for semantic encoding.

d. Flashbulb memories may be more vivid and detailed, but they are otherwise similar to other types of long-

term memory.

ANSWER: d

70. Which of the following is suggested by results from the research study that investigated the accuracy of flashbulb

memories following the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001?

a. Flashbulb memories fade gradually over time, just like other memories.

b. Flashbulb memories have special characteristics that make them less vulnerable to forgetting.

c. Flashbulb memories are created only when the triggering events elicit strong emotions.

d. Flashbulb memories remain extremely accurate, even years after the initial event.

ANSWER: a

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

75. Meredith is trying to learn the various species of canines. She begins by grouping them by wolves, dogs, and

foxes, then memorizing the species within each group. Which concept does Meredith’s method of organizing the

material she is trying to remember illustrate?

a. source monitoring

b. the serial-position effect

c. conceptual hierarchies

d. levels of processing

ANSWER: c

76. What is a schema?

a. specific type of availability heuristic

b. peculiar form of amnesia

c. organized general knowledge structure

d. specific type of representative heuristic

ANSWER: c

77. What is the term that describes a student’s organized set of expectations about how a professor is supposed to

act?

a. script

b. semantic network

c. schema

d. chunk

ANSWER: c

78. Brock was describing the inside of his doctor’s office to one of his friends. In his description, he mentions that

there were two diplomas on the wall, even though this doctor does not have any diplomas displayed on the wall.

What is illustrated by Brock’s error?

a. the role of semantic networks in long-term memory

b. the need for a good executive control system in short-term memory

c. the need for conceptual hierarchies in long-term memory

d. the role of schemas in long-term memory

ANSWER: d

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

79. What is the term for a system where nodes representing concepts are joined together by pathways that link

related concepts?

a. organizational schema

b. semantic network

c. lexical ordering

d. clustering hierarchy

ANSWER: b

80. Which pair of words should be linked most closely, according to the notion of semantic networks?

a. feel–feed

b. tree–bird

c. car–elbow

d. boat–goat

ANSWER: b

81. Sometimes when you think about a word, it triggers your recall of related words. What is this tendency called?

a. conceptual hierarchy response

b. elaborative rehearsal

c. spreading activation in a semantic network

d. clustering

ANSWER: c

82. Three friends are having a discussion about taxes, but the conversation is soon sidetracked as different

statements bring up related ideas. The conversation drifts from taxes, to politicians, to the election, to fund-

raising. Which Collins and Loftus theory is illustrated by this example?

a. mood-congruent memory

b. prospective memory processes

c. spreading activation within a semantic network

d. schema-based recall of information

ANSWER: c

83. What do connectionist models of memory tend to be based on?

a. the principles of operant conditioning

b. how neural networks handle information

c. how computers process information

d. the principles of Gestalt psychology

ANSWER: b

Chapter 7 - Human Memory

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Chapter 7 Human Memory

Course: Introduction to Psychology I (1001)

34 Documents
Students shared 34 documents in this course

University: Carleton University

Was this document helpful?
1. What is the order of the basic memory processes in which information enters our memory system and is used
later?
a. encoding, storage, retrieval
b. acquisition, encoding, retrieval
c. encoding, retrieval, storage
d. storage, retrieval, acquisition
ANSWER: a
2. What must occur in order for a memory to be stored?
a. encoding
b. retrieval
c. modelling
d. chunking
ANSWER: a
3. Jorgelistensattentivelytothepremier’sspeechandconvertstheinformationfromthespeechintonewmemories.
What process allows Jorge to form new memories as information is encountered for the first time?
a. encoding
b. storage
c. retrieval
d. priming
ANSWER: a
4. Shayla is able to retain the vocabulary she learned in her first-semester Spanish class after the class has ended.
What memory process accounts for the fact that Shayla can hold information in her memory for extended
periods of time?
a. encoding
b. retrieval
c. chunking
d. storage
ANSWER: d
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