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Week 11-Violent Offender Text Notes
Criminal Behaviour (Psy 230.3)
University of Saskatchewan
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Week 11: Violent Offenders Text Notes
Week 11: Violent Offenders
Reactive Versus Instrumental Reactive Violence : impulsive reaction to some real or perceived provocation/threat o Ie) man comes home, wife cheating, assaults other man w/o planning to do provocation (rage) Instrumental Violence : premeditated & aimed at achieving some secondary goal o Ie) a man plans to rob another leaving the bank, he refuses, punches him to get wallet o Physical harm is a means to an end, not the main goal Homicide: 1 st Degree murder : planned & deliberate (or when officer/terrorist attack) 2 nd Degree murder: murder that is not 1st degree Infanticide: section 223 mother willfully kills newly born baby (disturbed if effected form giving birth) Manslaughter : during heat of passion or provocation overwhelming one’s self- control ( criminal negligence)
Multiple Murders: Mass Murder : single location w/no “cooling off” period between murders Spree Murder : killing 3 or more victims a 2 or more locations Serial Murder: 3 or more victims w/ “cooling off” period & usually in different locations
Fox & Levin’s Typology of Multiple Murders Motivations include: Power, revenge, loyalty, profit & terror
Terrorism committed a. in whole or in part for a political, religious or ideological purpose, objective or cause, and
b. the intention of intimidating public with regard to security to compel a
government/international organization to do/refrain from an act Hate Crime: Threats & acts of violence motivated by hostility towards race, language, religion, sex orientation
Why do we Care? 1 in 5 incidents reported to the Uniform Crime Reporting Survey are violent crimes
Offence Characteristics: Men more likely to commit violent offense , but rates among victimization are similar between the sex o Men experience more non-sexual violence then women Violent crimes more likely to be committed by someone known to the victim (not a stranger) Higher rates of victimization if young, single, aboriginal , out late at night in the city
Theories of Violent Offending:
Social Learning Theory : aggression is learned Aggression is more likely to occur when expected to be more rewarding than non- aggressive alternatives
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Week 11: Violent Offenders Text Notes
Operant condition : behaviour shaped by consequences (reinforcement or punishment) o Positive vs Negative Learn from observing others o Perform aggression, receive punishment, decrease aggression in observer to Self-Reinforcement : influence of self-punishment or rewards o If you feel power or guilt afterwards
General Aggression Model: Integration of a # of smaller theories o Inputs from the person & situation (stable characteristics: gender, beliefs) o Routes ( cognitive, affective & arousal states ) mediate the influence of inputs o Appraisal/decision processes particular action in episode o Outcome influences social encounter inputs in next episode. Evolutionary Psychological Perspective Most violent people fall into one of three groups: o young men: few resources, low status, grow of cost of violence out ways benefit (most common) o competitively disadvantaged men : life course-persistent, neurological developments & low IQ o Psychopaths : life course persistent, not disadvantaged but set high risk, short term strategies
Factors Associated w/Violence Polaschek et al: categorized responses about violence into 4 main categories o Normalization of violence o I am the law o Beat or be beaten o I get out of control Association between beliefs & violent offending, but evidence doesn’t address whether beliefs predict or play a causal role in violent offending
Assessment Approaches & Effectiveness Recidivism Rates: Violent recidivism is less frequent than general recidivism o Most do not reoffend Approaches Unstructured Clinical Judgment: arriving at an estimate of risk based on assessors own idiosyncratic decisions about what factors to consider & combine Empirical Actuarial: follow explicit rules about factors to consider & combine to arrive at final estimate o Selection & combination of items derived from observed statistical relationship w/recidivism o tables linking scores to expected recidivism rates are provided Mechanical: follow explicit rules about factors to consider & combine to arrive at final estimate o items are from theory or reviews of empirical literature o no tables are provided. Structured Professional Judgment : features both UCJ & actuarial approach o No explicit guidelines for what factors to consider, combination up to assessor
Violence Risk Appraisal Guide-Revised (V-RAG): Empirical Actual Risk Assessment to estimate risk for violent recidivism 12 static predictors
Week 11-Violent Offender Text Notes
Course: Criminal Behaviour (Psy 230.3)
University: University of Saskatchewan
