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POLI SCI 110 Final Essay Questions
American Government and Politics (POLI 110)
Brigham Young University
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Let’s do this. Good morning, y’all. There is no clue I have no clue. If the clue really was EB then it probably meant “early bird” and he’s going to give us something helpful before the test if we are here early Good Luck Everyone! I have only one thing to say for right now. Just please make sure you study all of them and be in the SWKT 250 before 7 AM!!! The Final Exam will ask you to answer two (2) of these questions: These two could be any combination of the 10, but will be assigned by Dr. Magleby. (<--- will this be a selection of 4 or 5 for us to choose 2 from like the previous tests? Or will he just select 2 and we only have those 2 as our options? Thanks) Just two out of these ten that we will have to answer. ← I believe Professor Magleby mentioned that one question would cover the previous sections of class, and the second would cover the newly learned material. WHOEVER DELETED THIS LAST TIME, Please don’t do that again :) Answers are color coded to their specific parts of the questions. Please refer to specific evidence as often as possible. Only put answers that are verifiable. + Thanks for your collaboration! 1. Foreign and defense policy is an important area that has changed with time, technologies, and new challenges. What are the most important institutional or bureaucratic actors and what particular roles and perspectives do they offer in foreign policy? How has the U. changed its foreign policy since World War II, and how has the United States adapted? In your answer, examine the longstanding tendency towards isolationism and contrast that to internationalism. In addition, to what extent should the U. act alone (unilateralism) as compared to acting in concert with other countries p(multilateralism) and why? Compare George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump on their views of isolationism, unilateralism, and multilateralism. What defense strategies were most effective during the cold war and why? How is international terrorism different from other challenges we have faced in the past? Finally, provide examples of hard power and soft power and explain how both types of power are important to US foreign and defense policy today. - Congress and the President are central participants in the nation’s defense. - They share control over the bureaucracy through the budget and appointment process` - President - Sole Organ Doctrine: belief that the president is the sole voice in making foreign and defense policy. - Roles: - Take care to execute all laws including: - Foreign and defense policy—does not make alone. Use executive actions such as executive orders, memorandums, - - - and informal instructions to shape foreign and defense policies. Negotiation treaties - Chief Negotiator - Diplomat in Chief Appoint Ambassadors and diplomats Wage war - Commander in Chief - Free to ask the military for advice - Assuring the military’s readiness for war. Perspective: - more forward facing and has more discourse with foreign entities - NSC/National Security Advisor: John Bolton - Do we use military or diplomacy? - State Dept. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo - Diplomacy - CIA: Gina Haspel - Intelligence collection - Sec of Defense: Jim Mattis - Military: Deciding method of attack: Marines or Navy Seals etc. U. has changed its foreign policy since World War II - Focus on Containment during Cold War - Economic Sanctions: (used more than 100 times since end of WWII) Sanctions against south africa helped end apartheid, Sanctions against Iran helped produce deal to limit its nuclear weapons program, sanctions against Russia have not helped end its war with Ukraine - Internationalism = opposite of isolationism, working with other countries to solve problems/promote peace - United States long favored isolationism since its founding and was reluctant to be involved in foreign affairs until after World War 2 and the beginning of the Cold War - Isolationism/Internationalism is caring about what happens in the world, and Unilateralism/Multilateralism is how we interact with the world. - Benefits of Unilateralism - Agility - Flexibility - Decisiveness. - Benefits of Multilateralism - Validity on an international level - Less risky - Less costly - Doesn’t require USA to face all of the costs of military intervention -George W. Bush used unilateralism through his intervention in the Middle East. E. the war in Iraq and Afghanistan. Even though Bush’s actions garnered international support, the US was going to act regardless of the choice of the international community. - Barack Obama preferred multilateralism and isolationism. - Multilateralism → preferred working with allies such as the UN to impose sanctions - 2. - Clearly differentiate between foreign and defense policy. Terrorism has no international face. It’s a small target. - Containment and Diplomacy do absolutely nothing against terrorism because terrorists are willing to die to kill people. - Threats originate both abroad and domestically - Terrorism spreads as an ideology without a national base, instead of wars for territory like most wars of the twentieth century - Hard Power - Intelligence gathering: conventional intelligence that is involved with military reconnaissance. When should we take out a leader that we should take out? Osama bin laden. Torture? - Economic Sanctions - N. Korea - Iran - Russia - Threat of Military Intervention - Threats to Syria on the use of chemical weapons (which then turned into military intervention) - Military intervention - Iraq/Afghanistan - Vietnam - NATO: Member countries are required to pay a certain percentage of their GDP annually into the NATO defense budget. Many European nations aren’t paying their fair share. Who has to pay to be the policeman. It’s expensive. If things got hard, this is a place that could be cut. School of thought to pull back- isolationism. - Soft Power: Use of money to win friends and influence people around the world. - Intelligence gathering: economic issues. - Foreign aid: food and infrastructure support. Vulnerable part of policy in Congress because there are no constituents for foreign aid. (people want to be focused on the United States and the problems therein). - Diplomatic agreements and developmental aid in the Middle East. Negotiating for common interest. Done through embassies. - Israel and Palestine peace talks - Global Communications - Participation in the UN -Marshall Plan after WWII, rebuilding europe Describe the structure of the federal bureaucracy. What are the most important differences between the different parts of the bureaucracy, including departments, agencies, commissions, and corporations? Provide an example of each of these types of bureaucracies. What positive functions can a well-running bureaucracy provide? What are some dysfunctions? In your answer, assess which government bureaucracies were involved in the responses to Hurricane Katrina and Hurricane Sandy. How well did they function? Were there differences in the bureaucratic responses? What explains the differences? What lessons for bureaucracy emerge from this comparison? Finally, what are the checks on bureaucratic power from the three branches of the federal government? - Bureaucracy is established at the state, local, and national level - It is made up of leaders that are not elected officials. - These people are an administrative policy-making group - It’s sometimes very convoluted - Lots of paperwork and lengthy protocols - Delegates responsibilities among many branches and organizations - Employees in the federal bureaucracy include: - Presidential Appointees (usually allies and partisans to the president who need congressional confirmation) - Senior Executives (higher up career employees hired on a merit-based system who stay constant between presidencies to advise new presidential employees) - Civil Servant (typical career employee hired based upon merit, not partisanship. Cannot be fired for differences in ideology/partisanship) - Some are more independent of Congress and President than others. - Department: Cabinet Dept → Homeland Sec., Health and Human Services, State, Defense, - - - - etc (report to the president and congress) - They are not independent of president - Inner cabinet - 4 most important department heads to the President: Departments of Defense, Justice, Treasury, and State Independent Stand-Alone Agency: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), CIA (Report only to president but not congress). NS m,.. . A. They are smaller, less visible, less important or hidden and focus on one single issue Commission: Federal Election Commission (FEC), Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), FED (Reports to no one and not subject to strict congressional review) Corporation: AmTrak, USPS (also reports to no one????). Operate like businesses, that can have profit, internal structure looks more like a business as well. Benefits of Bureaucracy - Consistency/Order - Impartiality - Regularity - Thoroughness - Implementation of laws and different issues, resolve disputes - Provide expertise to congress and pres Dysfunctions - Rigidity - Costly in time and money - Slow - Inefficient - Too much waste - Senate takes too long to confirm the senior officers FEMA (Federal Emergency Management Agency) - Poor organization in hurricane Katrina led to people being stranded in flood waters - - 3. Congressional Oversight: uses the Government Accountability Office or the Congressional Budget Office to study or investigate a particular program. - Congress must approve budgets to fund agencies Judiciary: Can rule bureaucratic actions unconstitutional--Ex: The court rules 5-4 on immigration issues about one of Trump’s Orders (yesterday). It’s not the congress correcting the elements of the executive order, but it is the court. The ban on the Muslims is an example. Judicial review is a check in the Constitutional scheme. What are the origins of judicial review? Analyze in specific detail the case of Marbury v. Madison to explain the origins of judicial review. In your view, is judicial review consistent with the theory of checks and balances or does it give too much power to the courts? Given the fact that judicial review grants substantial power to the court, should the court become more democratic and representative by electing justices or limiting them to 15 year terms? Explain your answer and integrate the arguments from class readings, including Robert Dahl’s How Democratic is the American Constitution. Finally, assess the major arguments in favor of judicial activism and judicial self-restraint in Supreme Court cases involving malapportionment, school desegregation, abortion, and the rights of the accused to legal representation. - Marbury vs. Madison i. The Constitution says nothing about who should have the final word in disputes that arise over its meaning ii. Federalists favored stronger role for courts and thus favored judicial review iii. The Jeffersonian Republicans were less enthusiastic 1. Wanted state leg to have ultimate power to interpret the Constitution and not the Supreme Court iv. 1803 Marbury vs. Madison led to the final definitive answer. i. As Jefferson takes office in 1801, the question of whether the Supreme Court would actually exercise the role of judicial review was still undecided. ii. The former president John Adams, in desperation, attempted to pack the judicial branch with loyal federalist judges since they lost the presidency and both houses of congress. iii. The new Supreme Court chief justice John Marshall was tasked with sending out the rest of the signed and sealed commissions to the newly appointed judges. iv. Jefferson got to them first and refused to hand them out, in particular, one to William Marbury. v. Marbury took the complaint to the Supreme Court, citing section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 which authorized the Supreme Court to issue writs of mandamus orders that direct an official like the Secretary of State to perform a duty. vi. Dilemma: 1. If Chief Justice Marshall and the Supreme court issued the writ, Jefferson and Madison (the new Secretary of State) would probably ignore it, rendering the already low prestige Supreme Courts powerless. 2. If they refuse to issue the writ, they would be supporting Jefferson’s Republican ideals that the Court had no authority to interfere with the executive. vii. Outcome: 1. Yes, the plaintiffs (people who bring the problem to the court) have the right to receive their commissions, but the president has the constitutional power to appoint and commission officers. Thus, since these two actions (appointing and commissioning) are tied together, the process is not complete if they president withholds the commissions. 2. Marshall and the Supreme Court became the official authoritative interpreters of the Constitution, - - - - - - gaining (or solidifying) the power to declare laws passed by Congress as unconstitutional. or inherent because it is too potent and specific; therefore, should be left to the states Supreme Court is so small--much like an oligarchy In favor: more efficient at repairing past mistakes, etc. Unconstitutional-not written in the Constitution Not implied Electing justices is an argument made by Dahl Electing them would balance out the indefinite terms and extreme degree of power If we elect judges were are going to get a bunch of celebs as opposed to lawyers. Currently no law that says they have to be lawyers. This idea is not good. Judicial activism pros: - Provides checks and balances - Gives judges a voice to fight injustice - Often, judges can be voted out Cons: - Judges may often be motivated to act by personal reasons and motives - Some judges (Supreme Court) can’t be voted off the bench and aren’t elected - Some rulings are final Malapportionment: - Baker v. Carr - For judicial activism claimed that redistricting issues present justiciable questions (that is not seeking an advisory opinion, must be actual controversy, and the question must be neither unripe nor moot, and it must not be judgement on a political question. - Those for judicial restraint argued that redistricting is a political question (that is the constitution requires another branch of gov to resolve questions, or a lack of judicially discoverable standards on the topic) - Court ruled and formulated the “one person, one vote” standard. Desegregation - Brown V. Board of Education - For judicial activism claimed that segregated schools violated the fourteenth amendment of the constitution in its equal protection clause. - For judicial restraint argued that the government leaves educational decision making in the hand of state and local legislatures and that the equal protection clause was not intended to extend to education. Abortion: - Roe V. Wade - For judicial activism argued that a right to privacy granted under the due process clause extended to a women's right to abortion. - For restraint argued that the constitution has no language or history to support abortions and that drafters of the 14th amendment did not intend to withdraw from the states the power to legislate with regard to abortion. Legal representation right: - Gideon v. Wainwright - For judicial activism argued a violation of sixth amendment rights which is a right to - - - - - 5. Romney Super PAC Restore Our Future raised $150mm. American Crossroads $100mm. Couldn’t give money directly to Romney, but they can spend it for him. (i. independent expenditure) - Spend a bunch on TV ads. Super PACs didn’t win the race, Most are candidate specific. They can’t ask for specific money, but they build relationships with these PACs, but usually they run commercials on issues. Romney’s Super Pac helped him seem legitimate Changed election media; made the media become a soft power war Message from Obama’s media were taken more to heart 2016 Election - Bernie Sanders shunned Super PACs, (donald trump also did at first and then he changed his mind). In the primaries, Super PACs were super important. Some Super PACs raised much more money than the conventional PAC for these candidates. Virtually every Republican candidate had a super PAC backing (Ted Cruz had 4 separate ones). - Clinton took (Priorities USA- Obama’s super PAC that was fitted to be hers). Stayed out of the primaries. They had the most money out of all of them. - Trump made up the difference (because he used a super PAC later). He got a lot of “free media”, or “earned media”. He got it by saying outrageous things and by saying he is a voice of the common american, not a politician. He used twitter a lot (and still continues to do so). Also called a swing state. These states are important because they may change according to the candidate instead of possibly their party. These states can determine who becomes president, so candidates focus specifically on these states to help them swing or battle. Examples: Ohio, Florida, Colorado, Wisconsin, Michigan - Rust belt. The blue wall voted for Trump in 2016 because of his “bring jobs back” rhetoric. He won the swing states and therefore the election even though he lost the popular vote. Most saw both Clinton and Trump unfavorably Independent-leaning republicans and moderate republicans voted 50/50 for Trump and McMullinMcMullin lost because he didn’t persuade enough strong republicans to vote for him. Party ID matter Strong republicans voted 2 to 1 for Trump Younger voters tended to vote for McMullin- I don’t think this information is accurate Even though 90%+ of Democrats voted for Clinton, it only made up around 30% of the states voters Role of moderates; moderates played a significant role Saw Clinton and Trump as extremes Because so many split off, Trump was able to Demographic Reasons for election: candidate appeal, party id, and issue based voting What about the U. Constitution has remained constant throughout U. history and what are the most important constitutional changes? In your answer be sure to address the relations between the branches of the federal government and each other and with the states. What changes to the constitution have broadened democracy? The Bill of Rights grew out of the process of ratifying the Constitution. How are civil rights and liberties understood differently today from the early decades of the Republic, and what explains those changes? Freedom of the press is included in the First Amendment. Is the media more or less deserving of protection? Why? Some like Robert Dahl have called for further changes in the Constitution. Select one of his recommended changes and discuss why you do or do not support it. - Most roles of the Congress and the President have remained the same - Congress has the power of the purse - Congress has legislative power - President has veto power - Electoral College has remained the same - Relations between branches of government - The judiciary didn’t originally have power of judicial review. This was established in Marbury v. Madison - States - 10th Amendment reserves all other powers not expressed herein to the states - 13th, 14th, 15th amendments freed slaves and gave rights to vote to all men regardless of race - 17th amendment direct election of senators - 19th amendment gave women right to vote - 24th amendment eliminated poll taxes - 26th amendment gave 18 year olds the right to vote - In early days civil liberties such as the right to vote were afforded only to white, male, landowners - Civil rights and liberties are now extended to all citizens - 14th amendment gives citizenship to all who are born within the US, or to US parents abroad - Three Fifths Compromise Dahl called for a true democracy without elements of a republic - Believed in equal representation and so recommended that the senate be removed - Also believed the electoral college should be removed and a simple popular vote used - Believed in the removal of judicial power ( e felt that the judiciary used unconstrained authority to make national policy through judicial fiat) also believed in the election of judges 6. Economic policy is often difficult to make because it involves so many different problems, interested groups, and possible responses. Describe the role each of the following play in making fiscal and trade policy: the president, the Congress, regulatory agencies and interest groups (including foreign governments). Describe the role played by the Federal Reserve Board in making monetary policy. Give specific attention to the issues of deficit spending and trade with foreign countries. What are the policy options before the government and why has the American political system made the choices it has? Finally, what differences exist at the state level with respect to deficit spending and would it be wise to implement some of these rules at the national level? Why or why not? - President: proposes fiscal and monetary policy - President → appoints members of the Federal Reserve Board - - Has a lot of power in spending Tariffs and trade treaties helps make Helps create the business cycle (series of expansion and contraction in economics) Congress: Power of the Purse - Ways and Means Committee - Approves Presidential Budget - - Changed especially after great depression when and the New Deal by FDR Economic policy -3 types fiscal and monetary and trade - fiscal :government spending and revenues - Monetary: supply of money in economy a - Trade - relations with foreign countries and trade between them - Main philosophies- laissez-faire and keynesian view - - - 7. Measures - •Unemployment - •Inflation - •Poverty - •GDP Goals - •Promote business - •Expand international trade - •Regulate competition - •Protect employees (minimum wage, disability insurance, occupational safety programs) - •Police the stock markets Flexibility is important during times of great need Country would be in chaos - wouldn’t be able be able to spend because already so much in debt State governments are constitutionally required to have a balanced budget (can’t have deficit spending). Many people complain about the slow-moving nature of our government. Explain how separation of powers, checks and balances, federalism, the legislative process, and political parties interact to create the slow-moving effect. Citing the readings you’ve done in class, argue whether the benefits outweigh the drawbacks of this slow-moving system of government. Be sure to assess both the benefits and the drawbacks. Finally, assess how the country would be different today if we had a unitary system without as many checks and balances, with only one legislative chamber. For this part of your answer define what is meant by a unitary government and provide an example. - Separation of powers: necessitates checks and balances (veto) - States vs. nation as a whole (Hurricane Katrina) slowed down our response to natural disasters, etc - Legislative process: Refer to paper 2 (partisan gridlock, filibuster, etc) - Because we need an identical bill in both houses, things are slowed down - Political parties: Unwillingness to negotiate, polarity is greater than it ever has been - Extreme bi-partisan - Two strong parties if it’s 50/50 there’s stalemate, to get 51 or a ⅔ majority is difficult - -Marijuana Example, it’s illegal federally but unenforceable by the federal government as it infringes on . states and makes it difficult to enforce without state cooperation. - Madison in Federalist 51, If men were angels quote, Checks and balances etc to stop the average populus from creating chaos. -Shay’s rebellion was partially the inspiration for this, only a few could vote etc. - Binder and Lee-? - Benefits outweigh the costs because it prevents rash decision-making (bad legislation example) - Prevents one entity from gaining too much authority or power (Madison--mention that he argues that it is a danger otherwise - Fast track system - having the president be mostly in charge - much quicker has more incentive to do what is best for the nation because not reliant on constituent and being re elected (Howell and Moe). - Might be more efficient Responsibilities are clearer More unity within the government! More unity within the people (more easily enforced) China has a unitary system - and they are doing well and economy is progressing United Kingdom in the past Republic of Ireland, etc Similar to the fast track presidency- FROM RELIC More susceptible to corruption. No staggered elections, executive orders comparison Which MEANS it can be undone quickly by new leaders/the controlling body of power 8. From the very beginning of U. history, the civil rights of women and minorities have been an important part of American politics. Summarize how the constitution dealt with civil rights and civil liberties at the time the document was ratified. What have been the important constitutional and political changes including court cases, legislation, and executive action which have extended or restricted civil rights in America. Have any of these changes been more successful than others? What have been the consequences, if any, of these changes, including on the outcomes of elections? Which branches of government have been most likely to protect the right of political minorities? Why? What important issues remain on the civil rights/equal rights agenda? - Didn’t explicitly state many civil rights and liberties - Difference between rights and liberties: rights pertain to freedom from things whereas liberties are rights to things (that sounds backwards)A - Everything is essentially in the Bill of Rights - The Bill of Rights wasn’t explicitly applied to the states until after the 14th amendment. The states, however, each had similar protections in their own constitutions. The Bill of Rights acted as a protections against the federal government and was integrated into the states through amendments and court decisions - Left itself a process by which it could be amended - Shay’s Rebellion, and progress had to be made overtime, thus Vagueness, and allowance for AMENDMENTS-which are supposed to reflect the people’s ideas of socially accepted changes.. (could compare to European union- it took too long to form, America’s Constitution was flawed because they didn’t have time to wait for everything to be accepted and cultures to change overnight.) - Bill of rights is quite important when it comes to civil liberties 13th,14th, 15th Amendments Jim Crow Laws-----Separate but equal... Plessy V. Ferguson - separate but equal 19th Amendment------women’s right to vote Brown V. Board 24th Amendment--------Ended Poll tax media different from the news media of the past? What have been the most important changes over time in where and how Americans get their news? Provide examples to support your arguments, including some from the role the news media played during the Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s, with major scandals, and in the 2016 election campaigns. - The media informs the public, helps hold elected officials responsible. - TV is president’s most indispensable power - Can portray one party or candidate more favorably to sway the vote - 1st Amendment offers protection. Freedom of speech and of the press. - Agenda setting by covering certain issues, the issues become important. - Whistle Blowing-- calling out scandals, socially unacceptable things, illegal things - Watergate, washington post investigated it and published it, they were protected. - Bill Clinton scandal - media investigated it and reported it. 60 minutes broke the story of Iraq prisoners held by US soldiers in 2004 - Twitter being used as one of Trump’s biggest platforms for campaigning; Making use of free media - Any Whistleblowing examples - Media doesn’t just inform and report; it investigates and keeps the system honest. We went from like the penny press to radio and newspaper to TV and social media. Also it was very partisan especially in early ages - Media was very informative before and used as propaganda, examples, Common-Sense by T-PAYNE now it has changed to being very opinionated, catering to people with extreme views especially or strong democratic or liberal, conservative, or republican---Very biased, ex. Fox News vs. CNN - News media now is more independent than it used to be. Used to be fairly partisan we also hear about the news as it happens (24/7 news cycle) - what do you mean used to be partisan? It’s even more partisan today than it ever has been. Fox News vs CNN (relate to the previous part of the question) - More consumer involvement in the media, social media makes it possible for average Americans to join the conversation - Rather than the newspaper, individuals get their news from online through social media etc. - Television played a major role in CRA (Civil Rights Act = CRA) - Showed black people attending schools, being ridiculed - Show mistreatment of Black People by police in the South (fire hoses, etc.) - Showed the signing of the CRA - Television played a role with Kennedy’s presidential debate (candidate appeal) - Republican nomination debates were heavily televised, expanded use of social media for both parties, and Grants scandals in teapot dome - he didn’t actually do anything but since he was associated with those involved in the scandal , he was affected by scandal. - Twitter -with pres Trump in 2016 - Hillary Clinton email scandal -Little Rock 9----Brown vs. Board… Little Rock- First school being forced to end segregation 10. Some argue that politics and government is a waste of time. Based on the readings and lectures from the course make a counterargument in the following six areas: Courts have failed to protect the rights of the accused and minorities Meaningful participation is not possible in American politics Since the mid-1950s, civil rights have been extended more broadly but not much has changed The media has failed to check the powerful in and out of government Since World War II, foreign and defense policy has failed to promote U. interests internationally - Government bureaucracy never learns from past mistakes - Gideon v. Wainwright----Impoverished people, and accused people Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka Roe v wade----Abortion and privacy rights 4th Amendment--Search and seizure Privacy rights -- 5th amendment- Miranda Rights. Due process-- Gideon, Miranda Civil rights movement of 1963 lead to voting equality - CRA of 1964 - VRA of 1965 Interest groups Caucuses Voting Political party meetings Donations Signed petitions Protests -Walk outs because of Gun Laws….Marches on the capital--including one right about to happen as you’re taking the test - VRA of 1965 lead to the registration of many minority voters in the south - Barack Obama was elected largely on support from minorities - Affirmative action - Brown v board - 24th amendment - No more literacy tests - Housing rights - Jim Crow and segregation have been eradicated - More women vote than men. - Clinton ran for Presidency - Nixon, Watergate, resignation - Bill Clinton impeachment - Hillary Clinton email scandal - Facebook and political campaigns, including Trump campaign and others.---People deleting Facebook. FACEBOOK is an out of government organization, they’ve affected campaigns and lots of media but look bad in the eyes of the media today. - Snowden- NSA Whistleblower, how big of an impact? People have covers for computer cameras… - Interests groups and media make the Congress slow down or afraid to make decisionsBinder and Lee advocated that secrecy would help congress move along, not knowing publicly who voted for this or that, or discussing bills in private etc…. - Democracy in the Arab Spring - showed on TV all the protests in egypt and Rebuilding Germany and Japan (Marshall Plan) have a feeling 1 is on there for sure. What do you guys think? I strongly think #2 and #5. I think it will be 1 and 10 Really hoping on 1 #1 and #5 1 is too detailed for him not to choose. 1, 6 or 2
POLI SCI 110 Final Essay Questions
Course: American Government and Politics (POLI 110)
University: Brigham Young University
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