Skip to document
Welcome to StudocuSign in to access the best study resources
Guest user
0followers
Upload
HomeMy LibraryAsk AI
  • You don't have any recent items yet.
My Library
  • You don't have any courses yet.
  • You don't have any books yet.
  • You don't have any Studylists yet.
Premium
This is a Premium Document. Some documents on Studocu are Premium. Upgrade to Premium to unlock it.

Microbiology Exam 2 - Study Guide Lecture notes

Lecture notes and study guide for midterm 2
Course

Principles of Microbiology (BIOL 220)

49 Documents
Students shared 49 documents in this course
Academic year: 2016/2017
Uploaded by:
Anonymous Student
This document has been uploaded by a student, just like you, who decided to remain anonymous.
California State University San Bernardino

Comments

Please sign in or register to post comments.

Students also viewed

Related documents

Preview text

Microbiology Exam 2 – Study Guide Chapter 7 – (22 questions)  Describe the major environmental factors that microbes require to adapt and survive.  Nutrient sources  Energy sources  Temperature  Gas content  Water  Salt  pH  Radiation  Other organisms  Define nutrition and nutrients and their subcategories based on need and quantity. o Nutrition – process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth. o Essential nutrients – must be provided to an organism.  Macronutrients – required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell structure and metabolism.  Proteins  Carbohydrates  Micronutrients (trace elements) – required in small amounts; involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.  Manganese  Zinc  Nickel o Organic nutrients – contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the products of living things.  Methane (CH4)  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic acids o Inorganic nutrients – atom or molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen. Found in mineral deposits in the crust of the earth, bodies of water, and the atmosphere.  Metals and their salts (magnesium sulfate, ferric nitrate, sodium phosphate), gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) and water. o Growth Factors (essential nutrient) – Organic compounds that cannot be synthesized by an organism because they lack the genetic and metabolic mechanisms to synthesize them. Must be provided in diet.  Essential amino acids (obtained from food)  Vitamins o Chemical Analysis of Cell Contents:  70% water  Proteins  96% of cell is composed of 6 elements:  Carbon  Hydrogen  Oxygen  Phosphorus  Sulfur  Nitrogen  Know the classification of nutritional types of microbes. o Carbon Source  Heterotroph – must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.  Nutritionally dependent on other living things.  Majority are chemoheterotroph  Energy Sources o Organic compounds o Sunlight  Autotroph – an organism that uses CO2, an inorganic gas as its carbon source. o Cells with cell wall  Isotonic Solution – Water concentration is equal inside and outside the cell, thus rates of diffusion are equal in both directions.  Hypotonic Solution – Net diffusion of water is into the cell. Cell has higher concentration. Cell swells. Wall usually prevents cell from bursting.  Hypertonic Solution – Water diffuses out of the cell. Cell has lower concentration. Cell shrinks away from cell wall (plasmolysis). o Cells lacking cell wall   Isotonic Solution – Rates of diffusion are equal in both directions.  Hypotonic Solution – Diffusion of water into the cell causes it to swell and burst.  Hypertonic Solution – Water diffusing out of cell causes it to shrink. Explain the categories of temperature groups of microbes and general temperature ranges. o Minimum temperature – lowest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism. o Maximum temperature – highest temperature that permits a microbe’s growth and metabolism. o Optimum temperature – promotes the fastest rate of growth and metabolism. o Psychrophiles – optimum temperature below 15oC; capable of growth at 0oC o Mesophiles – optimum temperature 20o- 40oC; most human pathogens o Thermophiles – optimum temperature greater than 45oC  Know the categories of microbes with different Oxygen and CO2 requirements. o Oxygen Rsequirements  Aerobe – utilizes oxygen and can detoxify it.  Obligate aerobe – cannot grow without oxygen.  Facultative anaerobe – utilizes oxygen but can also grow in its absence.  Microaerophilic – requires only a small amount of oxygen.  Anaerobe – does not utilize oxygen.  Obligate anaerobe – lacks the enzymes to detoxify oxygen so cannot survive in an oxygen environment.  Aerotolerant anaerobe – does not utilize oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence. o Carbon Dioxide Requirements   Capnophile – grows best at higher CO2 tensions than normally present in the atmosphere. Know the enzymes SOD and Catalase and how they determine the Oxygen requirements of an organism. o The superoxide ion is first converted to hydrogen peroxide and normal oxygen by the action of an enzyme called superoxide dismutase. Than hydrogen peroxide is degraded by catalase into water and oxygen.  Differentiate among mutual, commensal, and parasitic associations, providing examples. o Mutualism – obligatory dependent; both members benefit.   E. coli lives in the intestine and produces vitamin K. Lactobacillus residing in the vagina help maintain an acidic environment that protects against infection by other microorganisms. o Commensalism – commensal member benefits, other member is neither harmed nor benefited.   Not altered in a reaction  Not consumed and do not become part of the products  Composed of protein, may require cofactor  Provide an active site for target molecules called substrates.  Unique characteristics such as shape, specificity, and function.  Are much larger in size than their substrates  Can be recycled  Affected by temperature and pH. Discuss enzyme structure and interactions between enzymes and substrates. o Simple enzymes – consist of protein alone o Conjugated enzymes (holoenzymes) – contain protein and nonprotein molecule   Apoenzyme – protein portion  Cofactors – nonprotein portion  Metallic cofactors – iron, copper, magnesium  Coenzymes (organic molecules) – vitamins Summarize key features of enzyme regulation. o Constitutive enzymes – always present, always produced in equal amounts or at equal rates, regardless of the amount of substrate, o Regulated enzymes – not constantly present; production is turned on (induced) or turned off (repressed) in response to changes in the substrate concentration.  Describe biological oxidation-reduction and energy transfer. o OIL RIG  Discuss the structure, basic formation, and roles of ATP in cells. o ATP – ADP – AMP (breaking)   Relate the main points of bioenergetics and energy strategies in microorganisms (i. aerobic, anaerobic, fermentation). (235)  Define glycolysis and explain its input, output, and how it is linked to the Krebs cycle and aerobic, anaerobic, and fermentative metabolisms.  Explain the characteristics of the Krebs cycle, its input, output, and how it is linked to oxidative phosphorylation.  Describe the components of the respiratory chain and their functions.  Explain the chemiosmiotic mechanism of ATP formation, its relationship to electron transport, and the final step in electron transfer.  Summarize the overall reaction and results of aerobic respiration.  Define and describe some reactions of anaerobic respiration. What substances can be used as final electron acceptors?  Define fermentation and explain several examples of the process in microorganisms. What are the different types and possible end products? Chapter 9 – (14 questions)  Discuss the basic characteristics of DNA.  Explain how DNA is organized.  Describe the chemical structure of DNA and RNA and their significance.  Describe the process of DNA replication as it occurs in prokaryotic cells.  Explain what happens during transcription.  State the goals of antimicrobial therapy.  Discuss the various origins of antimicrobial drugs.  Differentiate between antibiotics, synthetic drugs, and semisynthetic drugs.  Explain what is meant by a drugs spectrum and how narrow and broad spectrum drugs differ.  Identify modes of actions of antiviral drugs and explain how they are used.  Explain the major mechanisms by which microbes become resistant to drugs.  Discuss some of the ways for reducing levels of drug resistance.  Discuss how drug resistance spreads through a population of microbes and the long term effects of this.  Explain the ways that drugs alter the normal microbiota and its results.  Outline some important factors to consider in drug therapy, what are the characteristics of an ideal antimicrobial drug?

Was this document helpful?
Premium
This is a Premium Document. Some documents on Studocu are Premium. Upgrade to Premium to unlock it.

Microbiology Exam 2 - Study Guide Lecture notes

Course: Principles of Microbiology (BIOL 220)

49 Documents
Students shared 49 documents in this course

University: California State University San Bernardino

Was this document helpful?

This is a preview

Do you want full access? Go Premium and unlock all 10 pages

  • Access to all documents

  • Get Unlimited Downloads

  • Improve your grades

Upload

Share your documents to unlock

Already Premium?
Microbiology Exam 2 – Study Guide
Chapter 7 – (22 questions)
Describe the major environmental factors that microbes require to adapt and survive.
Nutrient sources
Energy sources
Temperature
Gas content
Water
Salt
pH
Radiation
Other organisms
Define nutrition and nutrients and their subcategories based on need and quantity.
oNutrition – process by which chemical substances (nutrients) are acquired from
the environment and used in cellular activities such as metabolism and growth.
oEssential nutrients – must be provided to an organism.
Macronutrients – required in large quantities; play principal roles in cell
structure and metabolism.
Proteins
Carbohydrates
Micronutrients (trace elements) – required in small amounts; involved
in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure.
Manganese
Zinc
Nickel
oOrganic nutrients – contain both carbon and hydrogen atoms and are usually the
products of living things.
Methane (CH4)
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids

Why is this page out of focus?

This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document.

Why is this page out of focus?

This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document.

Why is this page out of focus?

This is a Premium document. Become Premium to read the whole document.

Students also viewed

Related documents