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ASTM C136 (2014 ) Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
Colorado School of Mines
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Designation: C136/C136M− 14
Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C136/C136M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon ( ́) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1 This test method covers the determination of the particle
size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.
1 Some specifications for aggregates which reference this
test method contain grading requirements including both
coarse and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieve
analysis of such aggregates.
1 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other.
Combining values from the two systems may result in non-
conformance with the standard.
NOTE1—Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Speci-
ficationE11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for
information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
SpecificationE11cites the following with respect to SI units versus
inch-pound units as standard. “The values stated in SI units shall be
considered standard for the dimensions of the sieve cloth openings and the
wire diameters used in the sieve cloth. The values stated in inch-pound
units shall be considered standard with regard to the sieve frames, pans,”
and covers.
1 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2 ASTM Standards: 2
C117Test Method for Materials Finer than 75-μm (No. 200)
Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing
C125Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates
C637Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding
Concrete
C670Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C702Practice for Reducing Samples of Aggregate to Testing
Size
D75Practice for Sampling Aggregates
E11Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
2 Standard:
AASHTO No. T 27Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates 3
3. Terminology
3—For definitions of terms used in this
standard, refer to TerminologyC125.
4. Summary of Test Method
4 A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated
through a series of sieves of progressively smaller openings for
determination of particle size distribution.
5. Significance and Use
5 This test method is used primarily to determine the
grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or being
used as aggregates. The results are used to determine compli-
ance of the particle size distribution with applicable specifica-
tion requirements and to provide necessary data for control of
the production of various aggregate products and mixtures
containing aggregates. The data may also be useful in devel-
oping relationships concerning porosity and packing.
5 Accurate determination of material finer than the 75-μm
(No. 200) sieve cannot be achieved by use of this test method
alone. Test MethodC117for material finer than 75-μm sieve by
washing should be employed.
5 Refer to methods of sampling and testing in Specifica-
tionC637for heavyweight aggregates.
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM CommitteeC09on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09 Normal Weight Aggregates. Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published February 2015. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as C136 – 06. DOI: 10/C0136_C0136M-14. 2 For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, astm, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm. ForAnnual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol St. N., Suite 225, Washington, DC 20001.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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6. Apparatus
6 Balances—Balances or scales used in testing fine and
coarse aggregate shall have readability and accuracy as fol-
lows:
6.1 For fine aggregate, readable to 0 g and accurate to
0 g or 0 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any
point within the range of use.
6.1 For coarse aggregate, or mixtures of fine and coarse
aggregate, readable and accurate to 0 g or 0 % of the test
load, whichever is greater, at any point within the range of use.
6 Sieves—The sieve cloth shall be mounted on substantial
frames constructed in a manner that will prevent loss of
material during sieving. The sieve cloth and standard sieve
frames shall conform to the requirements of SpecificationE11.
Nonstandard sieve frames shall conform to the requirements of
SpecificationE11as applicable.
NOTE2—It is recommended that sieves mounted in frames larger than
standard 203-mm [8 in.] diameter be used for testing coarse aggregate to
reduce the possibility of overloading the sieves. See8.
6 Mechanical Sieve Shaker—A mechanical sieving
device, if used, shall create motion of the sieves to cause the
particles to bounce, tumble, or otherwise turn so as to present
different orientations to the sieving surface. The sieving action
shall be such that the criterion for adequacy of sieving
described in8 met in a reasonable time period.
NOTE3—Use of a mechanical sieve shaker is recommended when the
size of the sample is 20 kg or greater, and may be used for smaller
samples, including fine aggregate. Excessive time (more than approxi-
mately 10 min) to achieve adequate sieving may result in degradation of
the sample. The same mechanical sieve shaker may not be practical for all
sizes of samples, since the large sieving area needed for practical sieving
of a large nominal size coarse aggregate very likely could result in loss of
a portion of the sample if used for a small sample of coarse aggregate or
fine aggregate.
6 Oven—An oven of appropriate size capable of maintain-
ing a uniform temperature of 110 6 5 °C [230 6 10 °F].
7. Sampling
7 Sample the aggregate in accordance with PracticeD75.
The size of the field sample shall be the quantity shown in
PracticeD75or four times the quantity required in7 and 7.
(except as modified in7), whichever is greater.
7 Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to an amount
suitable for testing using the applicable procedures described in
PracticeC702. The sample for test shall be approximately the
quantity desired when dry and shall be the end result of the
reduction. Reduction to an exact predetermined quantity shall
not be permitted.
NOTE4—Where sieve analysis, including determination of material
finer than the 75-μm sieve, is the only testing proposed, the size of the
sample may be reduced in the field to avoid shipping excessive quantities
of extra material to the laboratory.
7 Fine Aggregate—The size of the test sample, after
drying, shall be 300 g minimum.
7 Coarse Aggregate—The size of the test sample of coarse
aggregate shall conform with the following:
Nominal Maximum Size, Square Openings, mm (in.)
Test Sample Size, min, kg [lb] 9 ( 3 ⁄ 8 ) 1 [2] 12 ( 1 ⁄ 2 ) 2 [4] 19 ( 3 ⁄ 4 )5[11] 25 (1) 10 [22] 37 (1 1 ⁄ 2 ) 15 [33] 50 (2) 20 [44] 63 (2 1 ⁄ 2 ) 35 [77] 75 (3) 60 [130] 90 (3 1 ⁄ 2 ) 100 [220] 100 (4) 150 [330] 125 (5) 300 [660]
7 and Fine Aggregate Mixtures—The size of the
test sample of coarse and fine aggregate mixtures shall be the
same as for coarse aggregate in7.
7 of Large Size Coarse Aggregate—The size of
sample required for aggregate with 50-mm [2-in.] nominal
maximum size or larger is such as to preclude convenient
sample reduction and testing as a unit except with large
mechanical splitters and sieve shakers. As an option when such
equipment is not available, instead of combining and mixing
sample increments and then reducing the field sample to testing
size, conduct the sieve analysis on a number of approximately
equal sample increments such that the total mass tested
conforms to the requirement of7.
7 In the event that the amount of material finer than the
75-μm (No. 200) sieve is to be determined by Test Method
C117, proceed as follows:
7.7 For aggregates with a nominal maximum size of 12.
mm [ 1 ⁄ 2 in.] or less, use the same test sample for testing by Test
MethodC117and this test method. First test the sample in
accordance with Test MethodC117through the final drying
operation, then dry sieve the sample as stipulated in8 – 8.
of this test method.
7.7 For aggregates with a nominal maximum size greater
than 12 mm [ 1 ⁄ 2 in.], use a single test sample as described in
7.7, or optionally use separate test samples for Test Method
C117and this test method.
7.7 Where the specifications require determination of the
total amount of material finer than the 75-μm sieve by washing
and dry sieving, use the procedure described in7.7.
8. Procedure
8 Dry the sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110
6 5 °C [230 6 10 °F].
NOTE5—For control purposes, particularly where rapid results are
desired, it is generally not necessary to dry coarse aggregate for the sieve
analysis test. The results are little affected by the moisture content unless:
( 1 ) the nominal maximum size is smaller than about 12 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 in.); ( 2 )
the coarse aggregate contains appreciable material finer than 4 mm
(No. 4); or ( 3 ) the coarse aggregate is highly absorptive (a lightweight
aggregate, for example). Also, samples may be dried at the higher
temperatures associated with the use of hot plates without affecting
results, provided steam escapes without generating pressures sufficient to
fracture the particles, and temperatures are not so great as to cause
chemical breakdown of the aggregate.
8 Select sieves with suitable openings to furnish the
information required by the specifications covering the mate-
rial to be tested. Use additional sieves as desired or necessary
to provide other information, such as fineness modulus, or to
regulate the amount of material on a sieve. Nest the sieves in
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differ by more than 0 %, based on the original dry sample
mass, the results should not be used for acceptance purposes.
8 If the sample has previously been tested by Test Method
C117, add the mass finer than the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve
determined by that test method to the mass passing the 75-μm
(No. 200) sieve by dry sieving of the same sample in this test
method.
9. Calculation
9 Calculate percentages passing, total percentages
retained, or percentages in various size fractions to the nearest
0 % on the basis of the total mass of the initial dry sample. If
the same test sample was first tested by Test MethodC117,
include the mass of material finer than the 75-μm (No. 200)
size by washing in the sieve analysis calculation; and use the
total dry sample mass prior to washing in Test MethodC117as
the basis for calculating all the percentages.
9.1 When sample increments are tested as provided in7,
total the masses of the portion of the increments retained on
each sieve, and use these masses to calculate the percentages as
in9.
9 Calculate the fineness modulus, when required, by
adding the total percentages of material in the sample that is
coarser than each of the following sieves (cumulative percent-
ages retained), and dividing the sum by 100: 150-μm (No.
100), 300-μm (No. 50), 600-μm (No. 30), 1-mm (No. 16),
2-mm (No. 8), 4-mm (No. 4), 9-mm ( 3 ⁄ 8 -in.), 19-mm
( 3 ⁄ 4 -in.), 37-mm (1 1 ⁄ 2 -in.), and larger, increasing in the ratio of
2to1.
10. Report
10 Depending upon the form of the specifications for use
of the material under test, the report shall include the follow-
ing:
10.1 Total percentage of material passing each sieve, or
10.1 Total percentage of material retained on each sieve,
or
10.1 Percentage of material retained between consecutive
sieves.
10 Report percentages to the nearest whole number, ex-
cept if the percentage passing the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve is less
than 10 %, it shall be reported to the nearest 0 %.
10 Report the fineness modulus, when required, to the
nearest 0.
11. Precision and Bias
11—The estimates of precision for this test
method are listed inTable 2. The estimates are based on the
results from the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory
Proficiency Sample Program, with testing conducted by Test
Method C136 and AASHTO No. T 27. The data are based on
the analyses of the test results from 65 to 233 laboratories that
tested 18 pairs of coarse aggregate proficiency test samples and
test results from 74 to 222 laboratories that tested 17 pairs of
fine aggregate proficiency test samples (Samples No. 21
through 90). The values in the table are given for different
ranges of total percentage of aggregate passing a sieve.
11.1 The precision values for fine aggregate inTable 2are
based on nominal 500-g test samples. Revision of this test
method in 1994 permits the fine aggregate test sample size to
be 300 g minimum. Analysis of results of testing of 300-g and
500-g test samples from Aggregate Proficiency Test Samples
99 and 100 (Samples 99 and 100 were essentially identical)
produced the precision values inTable 3, which indicate only
minor differences due to test sample size.
NOTE7—The values for fine aggregate inTable 2will be revised to
reflect the 300-g test sample size when a sufficient number of Aggregate
Proficiency Tests have been conducted using that sample size to provide
reliable data.
11—Since there is no accepted reference material
suitable for determining the bias in this test method, no
statement on bias is made.
12. Keywords
12 aggregate; coarse aggregate; fine aggregate; gradation;
grading; sieve analysis; size analysis
TABLE 2 Precision
Total Percentage of Material Passing
Standard Deviation (1s), %A
Acceptable Range of Two Results (d2s), %A Coarse Aggregate:B Single-operator <100 $ 95 0 0. precision <95 $ 85 0 2. <85 $ 80 1 3. <80 $ 60 2 6. <60 $ 20 1 3. <20 $ 15 0 2. <15 $ 10 1 2. <10 $ 5 0 2. <5 $ 2 0 1. <2 >0 0 0. Multilaboratory <100 $ 95 0 1. precision <95 $ 85 1 3. <85 $ 80 1 5. <80 $ 60 2 8. <60 $ 20 1 5. <20 $ 15 1 4. <15 $ 10 1 4. <10 $ 5 1 3. <5 $ 2 1 3. <2 >0 0 1. Fine Aggregate: Single-operator <100 $ 95 0 0. precision <95 $ 60 0 1. <60 $ 20 0 2. <20 $ 15 0 1. <15 $ 10 0 1. <10 $ 2 0 1. <2 >0 0 0. Multilaboratory <100 $ 95 0 0. precision <95 $ 60 0 2. <60 $ 20 1 4. <20 $ 15 1 3. <15 $ 10 0 2. <10 $ 2 0 1. <2 >0 0 0. AThese numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits described in PracticeC670. BThe precision estimates are based on aggregates with nominal maximum size of 19( 3 ⁄ 4 in.).
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SUMMARY OF CHANGES
Committee C09 has identified the location of selected changes to this test method since the last issue,
C136 – 06, that may impact the use of this test method. (Approved Dec. 1, 2014)
(1)Revised (with designation change) from SI-only to com-
bined SI/inch-pound standard, where values stated in either SI
or inch-pound units are regarded separately as standard.
ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.
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TABLE 3 Precision Data for 300-g and 500-g Test Samples
Fine Aggregate Proficiency Sample Within Laboratory Between Laboratory Test Result Sample Size Number Labs Average 1s d2s 1s d2s Test Method C136/AASHTO No. T 27 Total material passing the 4-mm No. 4 sieve (%) 500 g 285 99 0 0 0 0. 300 g 276 99 0 0 0 0.
Total material passing the 2-mm No. 8 sieve (%) 500 g 281 84 0 1 0 1. 300 g 274 84 0 1 0 1.
Total material passing the 1-mm No. 16 sieve (%) 500 g 286 70 0 1 0 2. 300 g 272 70 0 1 0 2.
Total material passing the 600 μm No. 30 sieve (%) 500 g 287 48 0 2 1 3. 300 g 276 48 0 2 1 3.
Total material passing the 300 μm No. 50 sieve (%) 500 g 286 13 0 1 0 2. 300 g 275 13 0 1 0 2.
Total material passing the 150 μm No. 100 sieve (%) 500 g 287 2 0 0 0 1. 300 g 270 2 0 0 0 0.
Total material passing the 75 μm No. 200 sieve (%) 500 g 278 1 0 0 0 0. 300 g 266 1 0 0 0 0.
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ASTM C136 (2014 ) Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
University: Colorado School of Mines
