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Human Growth and Development final exam study guide

detailed lecture notes based on Dr. Aronson's class lectures for chapter 10-19

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Human Growth and Development (DEP 2000)

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Human, Growth &amp;amp; Development Final Exam Study Guide By: A. Lahens Chapters 10-19 Fall 2018 Human Growth and Development FINAL EXAM NOVEMBER 29, 2018 Disclaimer: Final Exam-Alina’s notes for collaborative study guide only. Always refer to your professor for the most up to date information you are required to learn. I earned an A in this course, but you should always take your own notes for optimization in your own learning. Book Fact: means there’s some sort of statistic/fact/percent/data to know for exam Chapter 10 1. Social Comparison: the desire to evaluate one’s own behavior, abilities, expertise and opinions by comparing them to those of others. Page 326/327 2. Self Esteem: an individual’s overall and specific positive and negative self-evaluation. 3. Whereas self-concept reflects beliefs and cognitions about the self. 4. Race &amp;amp; Self Esteem: as set of pioneering studies a generation ago found that African American children shown black and white dolls preferred the white dolls over the black ones. P. 329 5. Kohlberg: suggests that moral development emerges in a three-level sequence, which is further subdivided into six stages. SEE PDF on moral development. (pre conventional, conventional and post conventional) those are the three stages. 6. Pre-conventional Morality: the lowest level, stages 1-2, people follow rigid rules based on punishments or rewards. 7. Conventional morality (stages 3-4), people approach moral problems in terms of their own positive as good, responsible members of society. 8. Carol Gilligan: suggested that differences in the ways boys and girls are raised in our society lead to basic distinctions in how men and women view moral behavior. Compassion for individuals, then, is a more prominent factor in moral behavior for women than it is for me. 9. Status: children who have higher status have greater access to available resources, such as games, toys, books and information. 10. Social Competence: The collection of social skills that permits individuals to perform successfully in social settings. 11. Social problem solving: the use of strategies for solving social conflicts in ways that are satisfactory both to oneself and to others. 12. Bullying: 160,000 U. schoolchildren stay home from school each day because they are afraid of being bullied. About 10-15% of students bully others at one time or another. They tend to watch more television containing violence and they misbehave more at home and at school than do non-bullies. 13. How children react to divorce: the answer depends on how soon you ask the question following a divorce as well as how old the children are at the time of the divorce. Immediately after a divorce, both children and parents may show several types of psychological maladjustment for a period that may last from 6 mos. to 2 years. 29. Prefrontal Cortex: the part of the brain that allows people to think, evaluate, and make complex judgements in a uniquely different way. Prefrontal cortex also provides for impulse control. 30. Formal Operational stage: stage at which Piaget says people develop the ability to think abstractly. Piaget suggested people reach this stage at age 12. 31. Book Fact: Regarding Formal operations: “For instance, most studies show that only 4060 percent of college students and adults achieve formal operational thinking completely, and some estimates run as low as 25 percent. 32. Information Processing Perspective: the model that seeks to identify the way that individuals take in, use, and store information. 33. Metacognition: the knowledge that people have about their own thinking processes and their ability to monitor their cognition. 34. Adolescent Egocentrism: a state of self-absorption in which the world is viewed as focused on oneself. 35. Imaginary Audience: an adolescent’s belief that his or her own behavior is a primary focus of other’s attentions and concerns. Example of this: a student sitting in class may be sure a teacher is focusing on her, and a teenage at a basketball game is likely to be convinced that everyone around is focusing on the pimple on his chin. 36. Personal fables: the view held by some adolescents that what happens to them is unique, exceptional, and shared by no one else. 37. NCLB act: No child left behind act: passed by Congress in 2002: requires that every U. state design and administer achievement tests that students must pass in order to graduate from high school. 38. Book Fact: Most students complete high school, but each year some half million students drop out prior to graduating. The consequences of dropping out are severe. High school dropouts earn 42 percent less than high school graduates, and the unemployment rate for dropouts is 50%. 39. Book Fact: Digital Divide: 77% percent of black students reported using a personal computer frequently compared with 87% of white students and 81% of Hispanic/Latino students. Asian American students had the highest rate of use, at 91%. Chapter 12 40. 41. Self Concept: page 390 “Who you are” Self Esteem: What you feel about yourself (influenced by SES and race) page 391 42. Book Fact: (true/false) question: “Although generally self-esteem is higher in adolescent boys than girls, boys do have vulnerabilities of their own.” 43. SES: Socioeconomic Status page 392 44. Book Fact: Adolescents of higher SES generally have higher self-esteem than those of lower SES, particularly during middle and later adolescence. Race and ethnicity also play a role in self-esteem but their impact has lessened as prejudicial treatment of minorities has eased. 45. Erikson Stage 4 &amp;amp; 5 will be on final: page 393. 46. Industry vs. Inferiority: 6-12 years of age, + outcome: development of self-competence, neg outcome: feelings of inferiority, and little sense of mastery. 47. Identity vs. identity confusion: age you reach this stage is adolescence. +pos outcome is: Awareness of uniqueness of self; knowledge of roles, - neg outcome is: inability to identify appropriate roles in life. 48. Psychological moratorium: the status of adolescents who may have explored various identity alternatives to some degree, but have not yet committed themselves. Adolescents take time off from the upcoming responsibilities of adulthood and explore various roles and possibilities. 49. Book Fact: Moratorium example: “I’m taking a job at my mom’s bookstore until I figure out what I really want to do.” 50. Explain James Marcia’s categories of adolescent identity: page 394 51. Marcia’s four categories of adolescent identity: 1) identity achievement, 2) identity foreclosure, 3) moratorium, 4) identity diffusion. 52. Marcia’s four categories are based on the presence or absence of crisis and commitment. 53. The most psychologically HEALTHY adolescents are in the: IDENTITY ACHIEVEMENT CATEGORY. 54. Crisis and Commitment: Crisis is a period of identity development in which an adolescent consciously chooses between various alternatives and makes decisions. Commitment: is psychological investment in a course of action or an ideology 55. Identity achievement: the status of adolescents who commit to a particular identity following a period of crisis during which they consider various alternatives. 56. Identity Foreclosure: the status of adolescents who prematurely commit to an identity without adequately exploring alternatives. 73. Figure 12-7: The social world of adolescence: memorize the first two columns on page 410. Popular: most liked Controversial: like by some, disliked by others Rejected: Uniformly disliked Neglected: neither liked nor disliked 74. Undersocialized delinquents: adolescent delinquents who are raised with little discipline or with harsch, uncaring parental supervision. 75. Undersocialized delinquents are highly influenced by their PEERS. 76. Socialized delinquents usually follow the norms of society and they are highly influenced by their peers. 77. Undersocialized delinquents often suffer from psychological difficulties, and as adults they fit a psychological pattern called antisocial personality disorder. 78. Masturbation: Sexual self stimulation. BOOK FACT: By the age of 15, some 80 percent of teenage boys and 20 percent of teenage girls report that they have masturbated. Masturbation in males occurs more frequently in the early teens and then begins to decline, while in females, the frequency is lower initially and increases throughout adolescence. This may be a true false. 79. Permissiveness with affection: today the double standard has begun to give way to a new norm called permissiveness with affection. Top of page 415. Example: premarital sex/ marrying virgins. For purpose of exam, know this term. 80. Intersex occurs in 1/4500 births (book fact) 81. Book fact: In one study, of 12,000 teenagers, 88 percent reported eventually having sexual intercourse. Even with the decline in the birthrate for U. teenagers, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United states is 2 to 10 times higher than that of other industrialized countries. Although there has been a small increase in recent years, the rate of teenage pregnancies has dropped dramatically among all ethnic groups since 1991. Chapter 13 82. 83. Senescence: the natural physical decline brought about by aging. Book fact: page 425 Leading causes of death of adults ages 25-34 is accidents 84. Book fact: page 426: Health: Although a lack of exercise may produce poor health, health risks in general are relatively slight during early adulthood. During this period, people are less susceptible to colds and other minor illnesses than they were as children, and when they do come down with illnesses, they usually get over them quickly. 85. Book fact: Homicide rate is higher in the USA than in many other developed countries. 86. Stress: the physical and emotional response to events that threaten or challenge us 87. Psychoneuroimmunology: (PNI) the study of the relationship among the brain, the immune system and psychological factors. 88. American Disabilities Act: ADA: 1990 which mandates full access to public establishments. 89. Primary Appraisal: definitely on the final: the assessment of an event to determine whether its’ implications are positive, negative or neutral. 90. Secondary appraisal: the assessment of whether one’s coping abilities and resources are adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or challenge posed by the potential stressor. 91. Page: 431: Figure 13-5: steps in the perception of stress. Explains how a potential stressor will determine the level of stress we have. 92. Psychosomatic disorders: medical problems caused by the interaction of psychological emotional and physical difficulties. 93. Coping: the effort to control, reduce or learn to tolerate the threats that lead to stress. 94. Defensive coping: coping that involves unconscious strategies that distort or deny the true nature of a situation. Example: people may deny the seriousness of a threat, trivializing a life threatening illness, or tell themselves that academic failure on a series of tests is unimportant. 95. Postformal thought: this is what happens after Piaget’s Formal operational stage. Thinking that acknowledges that adult predicaments must sometimes be solved in relativistic terms. Post formal thought also encompasses dialectical thinking. Post formal thinkers understand that there can be multiple causes of a situation, there can be multiple solutions. 96. Triarchic theory of intelligence: Sternberg’s theory that intelligence is made up of three major components: componential, experiential and contextual. 97. Practical intelligence: according to Sternberg, intelligence that is learned primarily by observing others and modeling their behavior. 98. Emotional intelligence: the set of skills that underlie the accurate assessment, evaluation, expression, and regulation of emotion. 99. Book fact: COLLEGE POPULATION: 19% Hispanic, 14% black, 7% Asian, 2% other races or ethnicities, 58% white. 100. Gender Gap Book Fact: More women than men attend college and the proportion of women, relative to men is increasing. The gender gap is even more evident for minority students, with 166 African American women attending college for every 100 African American men. 110. Book Fact: Finally, despite the stereotype that gay males, in particular, find it difficult to form relationships and are more interested in sexual alliances, the reality is different. Most gays and lesbians seek loving, long term, and meaningful relationships that differ little qualitatively from those desired by heterosexuals. 111. What makes marriages work: (page 467) About what percent of marriages in the United States end in divorce? 50%. For the past three decades, there has been a significant: DECLINE in the number of couples getting married. 112. The transition to parenthood: (bottom of page 470) listen to audio 113. Gay and Lesbian Parents: (page 472) whatever it says in the book is the answer to the test, so forget about my personal opinions on this. The change in the relationship between homosexual partners when children arrive in the family is: SIMILAR to what happens in heterosexual couples. There are NO DIFFERENCES between gay and not gay. Research suggests that most gay and lesbian couples SEEK LOVING, long term, and meaningful relationships. Sample question: Research suggests that children raised in households in which parents are homosexual…SHOW NO DIFFERENCES in eventual adjustment. 114. Ginzberg’s Career Choice Theory: (page 474) According to Eli Ginzberg, in preceding from adolescence to young adulthood, people move from the TENTATIVE period of career choice to the REALISTIC period. Sample question: According to Ginzberg, the period lasting until about age 11, when career choices are made, and discarded, without regard to skills, abilities, or available job opportunities is called: FANTASY PERIOD. 115. Holland’s Personality type theory: (page 475) According to John Holland, risk takers and take charge types suitable for careers as managers or politicians are examples of the ENTERPRISING personality type. 116. Holland’s Six Personality Types: 117. Social: the traits associated with the social personality type are related to verbal skills and interpersonal relations. Social types are good at working with people. 118. Conventional: these individuals prefer highly structured tasks. They make good clerks, secretaries and bank tellers. 119. Realistic Period: the third stage of Ginzberg’s theory, which occurs in early adulthood, when people begin to explore specific career options, either through actual experience on the job or through training for a profession, and then narrow their choices and make a commitment. 120. Extrinsic motivation: motivation that drives people to obtain tangible rewards, such as money as prestige. 121. Intrinsic Motivation: motivation that causes people to work for their own enjoyment, not just for the rewards work may bring. The desire to obtain personal satidfaction from one’s job rather than concrete rewards is called: INTRINSIC MOTIVATION. Intrinsic motivation for working drives people to seek PERSONAL SATISFACTION from their jobs. 122. Status: the evaluation by society of the role a person plays. Sample question: Status is the only thing that is associated with a person’s satisfaction with his/her work: FALSE Chapter 15 123. Osteoporosis: a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile and think, often correlated to lack of calcium early in the diet. Sample q: Sue’s bones have become brittle, fagile and thin. Her doctor tells her she has: OSTEOPOROSIS. Men and women can reduce the risk of osteoporosis by having a diet high in calcium and GETTING REGULAR EXERCISE. 124. Glaucoma: a condition in which pressure in the fluid of the eye increases, either because the fluid cannot drain properly or because too much fluid is produced. Sample Question: Which is one of the most frequent causes of eye problems that can result in blindness in middle adulthood? GLAUCOMA. Emmanuel is told the pressure in his eyes has increased and cannot drain properly. Emmanual has: GLAUCOMA. African American are most susceptible to Glaucoma. 125. Book Fact: page 488: Around 1-2 % of people over the age of 40 are afflicted by the disorder, and African Americans are particularly susceptible. 126. Presbycusis: the loss of the ability to hear high pitch, high frequency sounds. Men are more prone than women for Presbycusis. Page 488. 127. Book fact: Men are more prone to hearing loss than women starting at around age 55. 128. Refer to page 489: The benefits of exercise: Figure 15:2- Sample Q: John has been gaining weight during middle adulthood. He feels fine and exercises, but still gains weight. John’s weight gain is attributed to: THE AMOUNT OF BODY FAT THAT BEGINS TO INCREASE WITH AGE. LIFESTYLE CHOICES plays a major factor in preventing weight gain in middle adulthood. 129. Menopause: the cessation of menstruation: This can happen as early as age 40 or as late as age 60. After a year goes by without a menstrual period, menopause is said to have occurred. It starts when traditional pregnancy doesn’t work. Most common symptom is heart palpitations. Menopause differs by race: Japanese/Chinese women report less symptoms. African American women report more hot flashes. Hispanic women report several other symptoms like vaginal dryness. 130. Book fact: Symptoms of menopause also differ by race. Compared with Caucasians, Japanese and Chinese women generally report fewer overall symptoms. Page 491. 131. Hormone therapy can reduce the risk for stroke and/or colon cancer. However, HT seems to increase risk of blood clots and breast cancer. 148. Expertise: the acquisition of skill or knowledge in a particular area. 149. Types of Memory: review the pdf on memory. Sensory memory: initial momentary storage. Short Term memory: aka working memory which holds for 15-25 sec. Long term memory: stored as permanent basis, anything over 2-3 weeks is long term. For this exam you want to have the goal of long term! Lol textbook page 508 150. Schemas: organized bodies of information stored in memory. Chapter 16 151. Midlife crisis: a stage of UNCERTAINTY and indecision brought about by the realization that life is finite. Levinson said that midlife crisis in the early 40s is presumed to be marked by INTENSE PSYCHOLOGICAL TURMOIL. 152. Midlife transition: is a time of QUESTIONING. 153. Generativity versus stagnation: according to Erikson, the stage during middle adulthood in which people consider their contributions to family and society. 154. Universal Stages: (page 515/516 lots of info on exam on these pages!) 155. Book fact: Developmentalist George Vaillant, argues that an important period between about ages 45-55 is, “keeping the meaning” versus rigidity. 156. Levinson: builds on Erikson’s views. Book fact: At around age 40-45, people move into a period he called midlife transition. 157. Gould: psychiatrist who said there are SEVEN stages. According to Gould: people in their late 30s and early 40s begin to feel an urgency in terms of attaining life goals as they realize their time is limited. 158. George Vaillant: argues that an important period between ages 45-55 is “keeping the meaning” versus rigidity. During this period, adults seek to extract the meaning from their lives and to keep the meaning by developing an acceptance of the strengths and weaknesses of others. 159. The BIG FIVE Personality Traits: O-C-E-A-N page 519. Five major clusters of personality characteristics. 160. Openness 161. Conscientiousness 162. E xtroversion 163. Agreeableness 164. Neuroticism 165. COSTA and MCCRAY: the researchers that dealt with personality traits, says they are stable and consistent during adulthood. 166. Marriage: Specifically, marital satisfaction begins to decline just after the marriage, and it continues to fall until it reaches its’lowest point following the births of the couple’s children. Page 521 bottom. 167. Coping mechanisms: allow couples to remain together happily. Among them: holding realistic expectations, focusing on the positive, compromising and avoiding suffering in silence. 168. Divorce Rate: book fact: Divorce rate for people 50 and over has doubled in the last 20 years and is expected to increase. Divorce is also more socially acceptable than in the past, and there are fewer legal impediments to divorces. One survey found that in a given year, about 12 percent of men and 7 percent of women say they have had sex outside their marriages. One woman in eight who is in her first marriage will get divorced after the age of 40, and one in four of all divorces were by people 50 and older. 169. Marriage Gradient: 90% of women under the age of 25 remarry after divorce, less than one-third of women over the age of 40 remarry. The reason for this age difference stems from the marriage gradient: Societal norms push men to marry women who are younger, smaller and lower in status than themselves. Page 524 know marriage gradient for the final. Older women are tend to be seen as unattractive as opposed to men, who are seen as distinguished. 170. Book fact: page 524: Many of the people who divorce—some 75-80% end up marrying again, usually within 2-5 years. In fact, 4 in 10 new marriages involve remarriage, more likely to remarry people who have also been divorced. 171. Empty Nest Syndrome: (page 525) the experience that relates to parents’feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children’s departure from home. 172. Divorce rate for 2nd marriages are slightly higher than those for first marriages, reason being that blended families might not be as committed, or may get along so you walk away sooner, because of impatience. 173. Book Fact: Three generation families who live together is greater among African Americans than among Caucasians. 174. Book Fact: page 527/528: African American families, which are more likely than white families to be headed by single parents, often rely on the help of grandparents for every day living. TRUE/FALSE 175. Stages of Spousal Abuse: 1) Tension-building stage, 2) acute battering stage and 3)loving contrition stage. Page 529 it goes in this order, so know this order. (hint to remember: T-AL 176. Tension building stage: abuser does VERBAL abuse. 177. Acute Battering stage: correlates with rape/aggressive sexual acts 178. Loving Contrition: husband feels remorse and apologizes for his actions. 192. Osteoporosis: a condition in which the bones become brittle, fragile and thin, often brought about by a lack of estrogen in the diet. 193. Book fact: Osteoporosis affects 25% of women over the age of 60 and is a primary cause of broken bones among elderly women and men. Page 547 194. Peripheral slowing hypothesis: the theory suggesting that overall processing speed declines in the peripheral nervous system with increasing age. 195. Generalized slowing hypothesis: The theory that processing in all parts of the nervous system, including the brain, is less sufficient. 196. Book fact: because of this decrease in efficiency, it takes longer for information from the environment to reach the brain and longer for commands from the brain to be transmitted to the body’s muscles. 197. Age related macular Degeneration: most common cause of blindness over the age of 60. Book fact: Vitamins A, E and D rich in diet can reduce the risk of AMD. (page 551 left side top part) 198. Glaucoma: highest among African American. 199. BOOK FACT: only 20% of people wear hearing aids that should be wearing them. 200. Book Fact: page 551: Around 30% of adults between the ages of 65 and 74 have some degree of hearing loss and the figure rises to 50% among people over the age of 75. 201. Elderly &amp;amp; their Taste and Smell: Elderly may over salt their food to compensate for the loss of taste buds, thereby increasing their chances of developing hypertension, or high blood pressure, one of the most common health problems of old age. 202. Book fact: the leading causes of death in elderly, are heart disease, cancer and stroke. ¾ of people die of these issues. Because aging is associated with a weakening of the body’s immune system, older adults are also more susceptible to infectious diseases. 203. Book fact: Some 15-25% of those over the age of 65 are thought to show some symptoms of psychological disorder, although this represents a lower prevalence rate than in younger adults. 204. Hopelessness is the key for someone to commit suicide stemming from major depression, which is a prevalent problem. 205. Dementia: the most common mental disorder of the elderly, it covers several diseases, each of which includes serious memory loss accompanied by declines in other mental functioning. 206. Alzheimer’s Disease: a progressive brain disorder that produces loss of memory and confusion. 207. Book fact: ALZ’s disease leads to the deaths of 100,000 people in the United States each year. 2/3 are in nursing homes. 208. Book Fact: page 555: Most evidence suggests that Alzheimer’s is an inherited disorder, but non-genetic factors, such as HBP or diet may increase susceptibility to the disease. In one cross cultural study, poor black residents in a Nigerian town were less likely to develop Alzheimer’s than a comparable sample of African Americans living in the United States. 209. Aricept: drug that delays the onset of Alzheimer’s disease, it’s not a cure. 210. Genetic programming theories of aging: theories that suggest that our body’s DNA genetic code contains a built-in time limit for the reproduction of human cells. Page 560 211. Wear and tear theories of aging: theories that the mechanical functions of the body simply wear out with age. 212. Cohert Effect: (page 564) studying people during a particular point in time. 213. Drug Therapy: page 562 see my sample questions on this. (telomeres, unlocking longevity genes, bionic solutions.. etc. ) 214. Life expectancy: the average age of death for members of a population. Book fact: life expectancy of a person in 2010 is 78 years of age. Predictions are that it will continue to rise steadily possibly reaching age 80 by the year 2050. Remember that for the exam. 215. Sequential studies: K. Warner Schaie has employed sequential methods, which combine cross sectional and longitudinal methods by examining several different age groups at a number of points in time. 216. Sequential deals with different age groups 217. Longitudinal: study over long period of time. (these may also be in chapter 16) 218. Plasticity: the degree to which a developing structure or behavior is susceptible to experience. Page 566 will be on test. Use it or lose it, is the main idea of plasticity. 219. Book fact: Environmental and cultural factors play a role in intellectual decline. People with an absence of chronic disease, higher socioeconomic status (SES), involvement in an intellectually stimulating environment, a flexible personality style, marriage to a bright spouse, maintenance of good perceptual processing speed, and feelings of self-satisfaction with one’s accomplishments in midlife, or early old age showed less decline. Top of page 566 220. Episodic and Semantic memory: page 567. There will be 3 Q’s on memory. 221. Episodic Memory: relate to SPECIFIC life experiences such as recalling the trip you first made to NYC. Book Fact: For instance, declines in episodic memory may be related to the deterioration of the frontal lobes of the brain or a reduction in estrogen. Some studies also show a loss of cells in the hippocampus, which is critical to memory. 222. Semantic Memory: general knowledge and facts such as the fact that 2+2=4 or the name of the capital of North Dakota. 237. Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation: the period in which elderly people must come to grips with their coming death. 238. Book fact: According to Levinson, people enter late adulthood by passing through a transition stage that typically occurs around age 60-65. During this transition period, people come to view themselves as entering late adulthood, or ultimately as being “old.” 239. Book fact: According to Levinson, with age, people come to realize that they are no longer on the center stage of life but are increasingly playing bit parts. Page 575 240. Book fact: Bernice Neugarten: examined the different ways that people cope with aging. Neugarten found FOUR different personality types in her research on people in their 70s. 241. Life Review: the point in life in which people examine and evaluate their lives. 242. ON TEST: 4-6 points on exam from pages 576-577. 243. Wisdom is Knowledge/expert knowledge/maturity 244. Disengagement Theory: theory suggesting that late adulthood is marked by a gradual withdrawl from the world on physical, psychological and social levels. 245. Activity Theory: Successful aging occurs when people maintain the interests, activities and social interactions with which they were involved during middle age. Activity theory: YOU MAINTAIN. 246. Continuity Theory: the theory suggesting that people need to maintain their desired level of involvement in society in order to maximize their sense of well being and self esteem. 247. Selective Optimization: the process by which people concentrate on selected skill areas to compensate for losses in other areas. Page 582/583 248. Baltes &amp;amp; Baltes: associated with selective optimization. Look for a question in my sample questions. He says he tries not to pick questions with researcher’s names, but this one you will see on final exam as well as Mc Cray and costa for BIG FIVE personality theory on page 574. 249. Institutionalism: a psychological state in which people in nursing homes develop apathy, indifference, and a lack of caring about themselves. 250. Learned Helplessness: a belief that a person has no control over one’s environment and they basically give up. This will be on exam. 251. Book fact: Minority women fare the worst of any category. For example: divorced black women aged 65-74 had a poverty rate of 47 percent. 252. Book fact: POVERTY &amp;amp; the ELDERLY: While 10 percent of those 65 years of age and older live in poverty, women are almost twice as likely as men to be living in poverty. 253. Book fact: Some 15% of Americans over the age of 50 are divorced. The divorce rate has doubled since 1990.

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