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American History I Chapters 10-15 study guide

These notes are from chapter 10-15 of the American YAWP. This is for t...
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American History I (HIST 2111)

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American History I – Study Guide for Test 2 – Chapters 10- Chapter 10 Explain the Second Great Awakening – leaders, religious denominations that were the most active, major preachers and its impact on American society Leaders:  Angelina and Sarah Grimke – grew up on a plantation in South Carolina  Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree) – former slave from New York spoke out concerning her experiences.  Lucretia Mot Religious denominations that were the most active:  The Methodists most influential

o circuit riding preachers on horseback rode routes through rural areas that did not have churches

 Mormonism – Joseph Smith – Latter Day Saints – persecuted due to polygamy- migrated to Utah

 Shaker Community – dance and celibacy – made furniture to sustain their community

 Oneida Community – complex marriages – made silverware to support their community

 Unitarianism – rejection of orthodox Christianity with Jesus as a deity – New England

 Transcendentalism – no creed, but higher spiritual principles

o Ralph Waldo Emerson founder and author of – Self-Reliance o Henry David Thoreau – Walden- his commune with nature for one year Major preachers:  Charles G. Finney – lawyer turned evangelist – most prominent leader Impact on American society:  Reforms Describe and explain the reform movements of the early and mid-19th century – leaders of the movements, goals of the movement Common goals

abolition of slavery- in the British Empire and the U. (abolitionism) Temperance- the work to end drinking the Seneca Falls Convention- Convention in 1848 where women's rights were advocated perfectionism- the spiritual belief that humans could live a life free from sin and bring Christ's return Wesleyan College- First American college to award college degrees to women prison reform – penitentiaries to remake prisoners into productive members of society the mentally ill – Dorothea Dix William Lloyd Garrison – the press Founder and editor of The Liberator – an antislavery newspaper Frederick Douglass:  runaway slave from Maryland

 abolitionist orator  His autobiography – The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass sold in languages  published his own newspaper The North Star Describe and explain movements outside of the mainstream national revival both religious and nonreligious, utopian communities Women’s Rights  Women became more active in the public sphere in the 19th century  A woman’s place o Cult of Domesticity- keepers of the home American Bible Society –  printed and distributed Bibles in rural areas Chapter 11 Explain how cotton cultivation grew and became more lucrative in the U. in the early 19th century  New strain of cotton – Petit Gulf  Economy and lifestyle based on slave labor  2 billion pounds produced per year

 60% of exports  cotton was the primary crop  Local ports grew with the cotton markets Explain how the growth of cotton led to: the harshness of slavery, the expansion of slavery into the West the rise in value of enslaved people  slavery used to cultivate and produce the crop. It was normalized as a “peculiar institution”  Slavery a part of the old South  Southern way of life based on the slave system that was defended as a superior way of living and later romanticized  slavery as a part of southern identity  planters went into massive debt to expand their lands and purchase more enslaved persons  Work was all year in maintaining fields and other aspects of the plantation or farm  Violence used to maintain the system with punishments public as a warning to others.  fictive kin – children sold from parents to a different farm or plantation would be “adopted” by another family

Describe the system of slavery in the U. – its dehumanization, how they coped, the formation of African American culture in the south and its characteristics, the internal slave trade, the role of religion, slave revolts slave revolts  passive resistance o slowing the work pace o breaking tools or equipment o feigning illness o running away  Nat Turner Revolt – 1831

dehumanization  Gender o no differentiation in work in the fields o Women still maintained the home, took care of children and if allowed grew their own small crops o Pregnancies did not always lead to lighter workloads o sexual violence  rape of slave women was common – not considered a crime with a growing mixed population  light-skinned women were usually purchased as concubines “fancy girls” Southern society – the growth of urban ports, the stratification of southern society, gender roles in society, the cult of domesticity

Chapter 12 Explain the driving forces that led settlers to move West – economic  Depleted soil  Escape debts from economic panic  Easier travel – roads, canals, maps  New opportunities for fortunes  Gold and Silver Rush Explain the role of government in westward expansion  The federal government paid for internal improvements that became necessary to encourage economic development.

o roads - the National Road

o canals - connected the Great Lakes region to the Hudson River and New York City

 Infrastructural developments were needed in order to give migrants a push toward engagement with the larger national economy.

o Agricultural goods from the west could be shipped to markets in the east

 Aggressive land sales by the federal government to setlers with low prices gave the impetus for citizens and newly arrived immigrants

New innovations that facilitated the Westward Movement  roads - the National Road

 canals - connected the Great Lakes region to the Hudson River and New York City

Native American removal and the Westward Movement – Groups that were forced to move from the Southeast, the Old Northwest, Texas  Cherokee  Chickasaw  Choctaw  Creek  Seminole

The role of gender in the Westward Movement  Women had the burden of travel and gender roles – they assisted with defense, wagon repairs in addition to taking care of their families  Partners needed in settling the homestead – clearing, plowing, planting, harvest  contributions led to granting female suffrage in the late 19th century in the West – Wyoming 1890

Causes and effects of the Texas Revolution Causes:  Texians and Tejanos (those of Mexican descent) joined with Anglo-Americans and declared Texas a separate state Effects:  James K. Polk – ran on westward expansion “Fifty-four, forty or Fight!”  1845 Texas became a state and entered as a slave state

Causes and effects of the Mexican – American War – including opposition to the war and territory gained Causes:  Border dispute between the Nueces River and the Rio Grande River as the southern border of Texas  Negotiations – James K. Polk sent John Slidell to negotiate a purchase of land, but the offer was rejected  General Zachary Taylor was sent with 4000 troops to Corpus Christi to defend U. claim in the disputed area and Mexican cavalry attacked them  War declaration 1846 Opposition:  Mr. Polk’s War – some viewed the war as a land grab to extend slavery in the West  Spot Resolutions o Congress – Abraham Lincoln – wanted to know whether the first shots were indeed on Texas soil challenging the justification for the war o Mexico completely unprepared o American amphibious assault at Veracruz, Mexico o Gen. Winfield Scott captured Mexico City which was the deciding battle of the war Effects:  The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo - 1848 o Mexico lost half of its territory in North America o California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and Utah - $15 million  Question of whether the land would be free or allow slavery - most of the territory south of 36 degrees 30’

 Uncle Tom’s Cabin written by Harriet Beecher Stowe – gave an account of slavery in its harshness – moral suasion only to be outsold by the Bible.

Examples of growing sectionalism and increased tensions along with outbursts of violence  Slavery an early fact of the tobacco economy, but changes in the 17th century led to change  English political thinkers began to reject the ideas that justified enslavement of some groups people because they were naturally made for this condition  A new transatlantic movement to end slavery – slavery was outlawed in the British Empire in 1833

The controversy of the Dred Scott Decision  An enslaved man who sued for his freedom after the landowner’s death because he had been taken to Illinois and Wisconsin Territory for 11 years.  Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled: o slaves and African Americans were not citizens and never intended to be therefore were not eligible to sue in court o Slaves were property and could be brought anywhere in the country

Explain the primary cause of secession  they have denounced as sinful the institution of slavery

Chapter 14 Explain Union strategy during the war and major battles of the war  President Lincoln declared secession legally void  Vowed to use force to maintain possession of federal property  Fort Sumter, S. – fired upon by Brigadier General P.G. Beauregard – April 12, 1861  General Winfield Scott – the Anaconda Plan to surround the South and cut it off the ports and capture the Mississippi River

The leaders of the North and South North  Lincoln elected with 180 electoral votes , but no southern states (Union)  Gen. George McLellan placed in charge of the Union Army  General Robert E. Lee South  Jefferson Davis (Mississippi) – President (Confederation)  Stonewall Jackson

Describe the role of women in the War  Union women formed the Sanitary Commission which raised millions for the Union cause.  Women’s Rights activists Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony circulated petitions to outlaw slavery.

 Women led protests regarding food shortages which swelled into riots in Richmond, Virginia  Sent petitions to release their husbands from military service  Spies on both sides – o Rose O’Neal Greenhow – Confederate spy o Harriet Tubman – scout, spy, first woman in U. history to lead a successful military raid on the Combahee River in South Carolina – where 700 slaves were freed – she petitioned later in life for a soldier’s pension  Nurses  Education  They disguised themselves and became soldiers Describe the role of African Americans in the war- at home, soldiers in the war- their reasons for fighting and challenges they faced  African Americans supported the Union and left plantations for Union lines  African American men were officially recruited after the Emancipation – the US Colored Troops – 180,000 men- Massachusetts 54th the first and then others added  Confederates treated African American soldiers taken captive much more harshly than whites, they would usually be killed, forced to hard labor for the Confederate cause as a prisoner of war

Explain the importance of the Emancipation Proclamation  Emancipation Proclamation Issued freeing slaves in Confederate territory, but not border states – would be enacted January 1, 1863

Describe opposition to the war both North and South  Ties to cotton industry and fear that financial markets would fail without southern cotton  European democratic activists concerned that the experiment of the United States would fail

Explain why the Civil War was viewed as a rich man’s war  Bread riots in the South o Women led protests regarding food shortages which swelled into riots in Richmond, Virginia o food was impressed from farms for the war effort leaving little for families left behind

The life and challenges of soldiers on both sides  proved their bravery in battle  Confederates treated African American soldiers taken captive much more harshly than whites  Soldiers burned cotton bales and food shortages prevailed

Chapter 15 Explain the Amendments of Reconstruction – 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments 13 th Amendment

 Eleventh National Women’s Rights Convention 1866, New York City – called for equal rights for all  Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony allied with white supremacists who supported women’s equality- fellow activists such as Douglass and Harper were appalled.  the 15th Amendment ignored sex as an unlawful barrier to suffrage

Trace the development of the Lost Cause  reframe the history of the antebellum South  deemphasize the brutality of slavery and portray enslaved people as happy in a paternalistic society  Portray the Confederate cause as noble and change the cause of the war to states’ rights

Examine the growth of racial violence during Reconstruction – how it manifested, groups that were involved in racial terrorism, the establishment of home rule, the loss of civil rights of African Americans  Mob violence against African Americans caused the Republicans to call for a more dramatic Reconstruction that would protect their rights  Constantly threatened by racial violence and sexual violence  Racial Violence took four major forms o To strike against black political authority o From interpersonal conflicts due to the feeling that African Americans were to be beneath and deferential to all whites – step off the sidewalk, not looking them in the eye, not addressing them properly – shot on site or later lynched o Through organized vigilante groups o Riots in southern cities - whites attacked African Americans who began to move into the city, causing them to be centers of Republican control. – Death tolls overwhelmingly black. Memphis Riots and Colfax Massacre

Explain the Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction  The Compromise of 1877- Hayes became president on the condition of: o a. all remaining federal troops would be removed from the South o b. special economic favors for the South  Reconstruction was over in 1877 while some freed people held onto offices, they eventually lost them by 1900- promises of Reconstruction unmet

AMERICAN HISTORY FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE!

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American History I Chapters 10-15 study guide

Course: American History I (HIST 2111)

12 Documents
Students shared 12 documents in this course

University: Georgia Highlands College

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American History I – Study Guide for Test 2 – Chapters 10-15
Chapter 10
Explain the Second Great Awakening – leaders, religious denominations that were the most
active, major preachers and its impact on American society
Leaders:
Angelina and Sarah Grimke – grew up on a plantation in South Carolina
Sojourner Truth (Isabella Baumfree) – former slave from New York spoke out concerning her
experiences.
Lucretia Mot
Religious denominations that were the most active:
The Methodists most influential
ocircuit riding preachers on horseback rode routes through rural areas that did not
have churches
Mormonism – Joseph Smith – Latter Day Saints – persecuted due to polygamy- migrated
to Utah
Shaker Community – dance and celibacy – made furniture to sustain their community
Oneida Community – complex marriages – made silverware to support their community
Unitarianism – rejection of orthodox Christianity with Jesus as a deity – New England
Transcendentalism – no creed, but higher spiritual principles
oRalph Waldo Emerson founder and author of – Self-Reliance
oHenry David Thoreau – Walden- his commune with nature for one year
Major preachers:
Charles G. Finney – lawyer turned evangelist – most prominent leader
Impact on American society:
Reforms
Describe and explain the reform movements of the early and mid-19th century – leaders of the
movements, goals of the movement
Common goals
abolition of slavery- in the British Empire and the U.S. (abolitionism)
Temperance- the work to end drinking
the Seneca Falls Convention- Convention in 1848 where women's rights were advocated
perfectionism- the spiritual belief that humans could live a life free from sin and bring Christ's
return
Wesleyan College- First American college to award college degrees to women
prison reform – penitentiaries to remake prisoners into productive members of society
the mentally ill – Dorothea Dix
William Lloyd Garrison – the press
Founder and editor of The Liberator – an antislavery newspaper
Frederick Douglass:
runaway slave from Maryland

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