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Ch. 11 Notes - American Pageant Chapter 11
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The Jeffersonian ‘Revolution of 1800 Jefferson beats Adams in election and calls this the “Revolution of 1800”. o Tie between Adams and Jefferson but House votes for Jefferson. o Jefferson’s mission was to check government power and to halt the decay of civic virtue under Federalist rule. o Remarkable in the sense that such a new nation could so peacefully transfer power, even with so much tension between political parties. John Adams was the last federalist president. The party completely died when later president Andrew Jackson merged the parties.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation Wrote a well phrased inaugural statement that supported unity between federalists and republicans: “we are all federalists, we are all republicans”. o Also pledged “honest-friendship” with all nations without having any alliances. Jefferson frequently reversed the political principles that he championed. o He realized that the theories in textbooks worked out differently in the real world. Democrat-Republican party could not build a loyal base. o Only thing that held them together was hatred of federalists. When the federalist party collapsed, so did the democrat-republicans.
Jeffersonian Restraint Jefferson was determined to undo the federalist laws against anti-federalists. o Alien and Sedition Acts expired already and Jeffersonians enacted Naturalization Law of 1802. This reduced the requirement for citizenship from 14 years to 5 years. o Also removed excise taxes Jefferson held onto many Federalist economic programs o Did not change the Bank of United States, funding at par, mild protective tariffs, and allowed federal government to be responsible for states’ debts. o Further cemented gains of Revolution of 1800 by showing that a change in regime did not have to be disastrous for the defeated group,
The “Dead Clutch” of the Judiciary Judiciary Act of 1801 o Created 16 new judgeships and other judicial offices These offices were known as “midnight judges” because Adams reportedly appointed them the midnight before he left office. o Republicans saw this as a federalist effort to “pack” the judicial system to entrench itself in one branch of government. o John Adams appointed John Marshall as chief justice of Supreme Court during his last days in office.
Marshall was a vigilant federalist. o Even after the federalist party collapsed, Marshall continued to support federalist ideology in the judicial branch. Marbury v. Madison o Federalist “midnight judge” William Marbury sued secretary of State James Madison because Madison was about to fire him. John Marshall dismissed the suit to avoid a direct political showdown. o Marshall magnified power of supreme court. Kentucky resolutions gave States the right to determine the meaning of the constitution but Marshall promoted the idea of “judicial review”- the idea that the supreme court had the last word on the question of constitutionality. o Angry Jefferson tried to impeach Supreme court justice Samuel Chase but the Senate did not have the votes. Set precedent that Supreme Court is independent of other 2 parties and no one since has tried to impeach a Supreme Court justice.
Jefferson, a reluctant Warrior One of Jefferson’s first actions as president was to reduce military to mere police force of 2500 members. o Wanted America to transcend the bloody wars and alliances of Europe. o Republicans distrusted large armies – they were seen as a path to dictatorship. o Jefferson had to face the reality when Tripoli prates informally declared war. Tripolitan War o Tripoli prates informally declared war on U. by plundering U. merchant ships. “Millions for defense but not one cent for tribute”. Jefferson did not want to pay tribute, so he sent the infant navy to the Mediterranean. o Peace treaty was reached in 1805 – U. only had to pay 60,000 dollars in ransom money.
The Louisiana Godsend Napoleon induced the Spanish to cede the Louisiana area. o Angered Americans because Spain withdrew from Pinckney’s Treaty. Jefferson sent James Monroe to France to negotiate buying New Orleans and some other land. Louisiana Purchase o Napoleon decided to offer the entire Louisiana area due to his loss in Haiti. Haitian revolution squashed Napoleon’s plans to create an American empire.
o England engaged in impressment again and the Chesapeake affair occurred. A royal frigate demanded the surrender of 4 alleged deserters but the U. ship Chesapeake refused. British ship fired into the U. ships and killed several Americans. o Jefferson remained Neutral.
Embargo Act Congress passed Embargo Act in 1807. This outlawed the export of all goods from U. o Goal was to coerce Britain and France into respecting the Neutrality of U. and reopening free trade with the U. by showing how dependent Europe was on the U. England and France did not need the U. because south American and other countries were eager to do business with England and France. Angered Americans plunged the U. into economic problems. o Illegal trade mushroomed and New England ports fell silent. Congress passed Non-Intercourse Act in 1809 to repeal Embargo Act. o Reopened trade with all other nations except England and France. Embargo Act laid the foundations for modern America’s industrial might. o Factories were erected in New England as shipping was outlawed.
Madison’s Gamble James Madison, a democratic-republican, took office after Thomas Jefferson. The Non-Intercourse act expired in 1810 and Congress passed Macon’s Bill No. o If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, America would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation. o The French struck a deal with the U. but neither France nor England stuck to their promises. The U. upheld the French deal and re-established the embargo against Britain. This ended U. neutrality and was the final step towards war.
Tecumseh and the Prophet War Hawks were republicans who wanted the U. to go to war with England. Tecumseh and his brother (known as “the Prophet”) gathered together a league of Indians to resist the U. o William Henry Harrison gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh’s headquarters. Battle of Tippecanoe o Harrison defeated “The Prophet” and Tecumseh escaped to make an alliance with Britain. Tecumseh would fight with the British in the war of 1812.
Mr. Madison’s War James Madison believed war was inevitable: war hawks in the U. and hostile British and Indians all pointed towards war.
Madison asked Congress to declare war on June 1, 1812 and Congress obliged. Federalists opposed conflict with England. They sympathized with England and did not like the pro-French republicans. o New England was the Federalist stronghold. o The U. had to fight 2 enemies: Old England and New England. New England supplied a lot of supplies like foods, gold, and money to England in this time period.
Ch. 11 Notes - American Pageant Chapter 11
Subject: AP U.S. History
AP
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