- Information
- AI Chat
CH 2 Chemistry OF LIFE
Basic Anatomy and Physiology (HSC208)
Jersey College Nursing School
Recommended for you
Preview text
CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
CHAPTER 2 I. Matter A. Anything that occupies space and has weight 1. Exists in 3 states: a) Solid b) Liquid c) Gas
II. Levels of Chemical Organization A. Atoms - smallest subunit of an element 1. Nucleus a) Central core of atom 2. Proton (+) a) Positively charged particle inside nucleus 3. Neutron = a) Uncharged particle inside nucleus 4. Atomic Number a) Number of protons inside nucleus; determines type of atom b) Atomic number = the number of protons 5. Atomic Mass a) Number of protons and neutrons combined b) PROTONS + NEUTRONS = ATOMIC MASS B. Energy Levels 1. Contain Electrons (-) a) Negatively charged particles 2. May contain up to 8 electrons in each level 3. Energy increases with distance from nucleus 4. Can be shared or transferred between atoms C. Element 1. A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom D. Molecule 1. A group of atoms bound together in a group E. Compound 1. Substances whos molecules have more than one kind of atom
III. CHEMICAL BONDING A. Chemical bonds form to make atoms more stable 1. Atoms react with eachother in ways that make their outermost energy level full 2. Atoms may share electrons, or donate or borrow them to become stable B. IONIC BONDS 1. Form when electrons are transferred from one atom to another 2. Easily break apart in water
3. Positive ion: Has more protons than electrons 4. Negative ion: Has gained electrons C. COVALENT BONDS 1. Forms when 2 atoms share electrons; this is the most common bond in the body 2. Do not easily break apart in water D. HYDROGEN BONDS 1. Weak bonds that do not create new molecules 2. Present in water, DNA, and proteins 3. IV. Radioactive Isotopes A. Isotope 1. Two atoms that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses B. Radioactive Isotope 1. Isotope that emits radiation (1) Sometimes used in nuclear medicine to evaluate the function of body parts b) Exposure to high radiation levels may cause cancer cells to develop
V. INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
A. Inorganic molecules do not contain carbon B. EXAMPLES 1. Water 2. Some acids 3. Bases 4. Salts C. Water 1. Water is essential to life 2. Glue-like nature helps to hold the body together 3. Water is a solvent a) Liquid into which solutes are dissolved 4. Involved in many chemical reactions: a) Dehydration Synthesis (1) Chemical reaction in which water is removed from small particles so they can be strung together to form larger molecules b) Hydrolisis (1) Chemical reaction in which water is added to a large molecule to break it into smaller molecules c) All major organic molecules are formed through dehydration synthesis and broken apart by hydrolisis 5. Chemical reactions always involve energy transfers ; ATP
D. Acids, Bases, & Salts
D. CARBOHYDRATES
1. Contain Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and Oxygen(O) 2. Monosaccharides a) Basic Unit of carbs; single sugars (1) EXAMPLES (a) GLUCOSE 3. Di saccharides a) 2 monosaccharides linked together b) EXAMPLES (1) SUCROSE (2) LACTOSE 4. Polysaccharides a) Multiple monosaccharides linked together b) Complex and not easily absorbed into the body c) EXAMPLES (1) STARCH (2) GLYCOGEN E. LIPIDS (FATS) 1. Diverse group of molecules that do not usually dissolve in water a) Triglycerides (1) Insulates body, protects organs, stores energy (2) Simple fat composed of glycerol and three fatty acids (a) Saturated fatty acids are usually solid at room temperature (b) Unsaturated fatty acids are usually liquid at room temperature b) Phospholipids (1) Complex lipid containing phosphorus (2) Main component of Cell Membranes c) Steroids (1) Structure made up of multiple rings (2) Cholesterol is converted into steroid hormones by the body (3) Regulate Body Function (cortisol, sex hormones, etc) F. PROTEINS 1. Composed of amino acids held together by peptide bonds 2. The overall three-dimensional shape of a protein is caused by folding 3. Form various structures of the body 4. Important in wound healing!!! 5. EXAMPLES a) Collagen (1) Fibrous protein that holds many tissues together b) Keratin (1) Forms tough, waterproof fibers in the skin’s outer layer c) Enzymes (1) Protein catalysts that initiate/speed up chemical reactions
(2) Catalysts (a) Help chemical reactions to occur (3) Lock-and-Key Model (a) Each enzyme fits a particular molecule that it acts on as a key fits into a lock G. Nucleic Acids 1. Direct overall body structure and function 2. Made up of nucleotide units, the building blocks 3. Nucleotides are made up of: a) Sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) b) Phosphate c) Nitrogen base 4. DNA a) A double helix; serves as an individual’s genetic blueprint 5. RNA a) Used as a temporary “working copy” of a gene b) Contains a ribose sugar; helps in making proteins 6. ATP a) Body’s form of energy
CH 2 Chemistry OF LIFE
Course: Basic Anatomy and Physiology (HSC208)
University: Jersey College Nursing School
