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AP Human Geography- 1.3 Reading Notes
Political & Environ Geography (IR 195)
Lehigh University
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Ch. 1 Basic Concepts
Key Issue 3 Why Are Different Places Similar?Rubenstein, pp. 20-
- Three basic concepts __scale, _space, and connections help geographers explain why similarities among places and regions do not result from coincidence.
I. SCALE: FROM LOCAL TO GLOBAL 2. Define scale: relationship between a portion of Earth being studied to Earth as a whole 3. Define globalization: a force or process that involves the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope 4. Rubenstein states that due to globalization, “the scale of the world is shrinking.” What does he mean by this? Not literally in size but in the ability of a person bc everyone cultures is becoming more and more similar with
Define transnational corporation (TNC): multinational corporation; a corporation that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products inis. many countries NOT just where its headquarters
Explain how every place in the world is part of the global economy. Each place has a distinctive role based on its local assets.
How have changes in production led to a spatial division of labor? Because there are responses to local labor force, level of skills, etc.
Give some examples of globalization. Cultural and Economic globalization
What does globalization threaten? How/why? Military conflicts, etc.
How do advancements in technology and communications both help and hinder local diversity? Its helps spread it through internet and keep things remembered
II. SPACE: DISTRIBUTION OF FEATURES
- Define space : the physical gap between 2 objects
- a. Define distribution : arrangement of a feature in space b. What are the three properties of distribution? density, concentration, and pattern
- a. Define measuringdensity: the # of a feature and the size of an area that is holding whatever you’re
b. When discussing density, remember that it includes what two elements? Feature and Size 14. a. Define concentration : extent of feature spread over space b. Identify and describe the opposite ends of the spectrum of concentration. i. Clustered ii. Dispersed c. In the boxes below – draw 10 dots in each box so that the illustrate and LABEL the two different kinds of concentration is the same in each, but Clustered.............. .............
Dispersed.... .....
- a. Define pattern : repeated thing b. List the three different types of pattern given in the text. i. linear (housing) ii. square iii. grids
III. SPACE: CULTURAL IDENTITY 16. Geographers often study the spatial distribution of minority groups, including (3): ethnic minorities- African Americans, Asian Americans, and Hispanics 17. In the U. identify where each of the following ethnicities are clustered: a. African Americans - Southeast mostly, bc of slavery after freedom most of them stayed put
A. Austria, Germany, Canada, & Sweden- Core B. Zimbabwe, Iraq, Chad, & Honduras- Peripheral C. Brazil, Turkey, Poland, & Egypt- Semi- peripheral 25. a. Definecore and periphery uneven development : an increasing gap in economic conditions between regions in the b. Has uneven development increased or decreased in the last decades in the world? Increased (the rich have gotten richer and poor have gotten poorer) c. Has uneven development increased or decreased in the last decades in the U.? Increased too
V. CONNECTIONS: DIFFUSION 26. Define connection : relationships between people and objects that cross space. 27. Identify and define the three main results on connections between cultural groups: a. Assimilation- being sent to schools to change to American culture b. Acculturation- immigrant families moving to American cultural areas c. Syncretism- a combination of 2 cultures that creates something completely new 28. Define connection : relationships between people and objects that cross space. 29. Define diffusion : the process by which a feature spreads to another place from where it originated 30. With regards to diffusion, define and, where possible, give an example of each of the following.
DIFFUSION
Hearth Mesopotamia, Modern: US, tokyo
Relocation diffusion Exchanges on ships usually or big migrations (the great migration) E x p a n si o n di ff u si o n
Hierarchal diffusion spread of an idea from person or nodes with the authority of power to other people (pope spreading ideas to whole catholic church)
Contagious diffusion rapid widespread diffusion without acquiring widespread diffusion (things going viral)
Stimulus diffusion
spread of an underlying principle (McDonalds is different in every plalthough it is the same brand) ace
VI. CONNECTIONS: SPATIAL INTERACTION
- What is aa chain of communications that connects places network?
- Describe the phenomena known asContact diminishes with decreasing distance (moving from India to distance decay. the US and they start to act less
- DefineIndian with Indian cultural farther away. space-time compression : reduction in time it takes something to reach another place.
- Unlike today, in the past, most connections between groups requirThe physical movement up people but with the internet it is no longed what?er necessary.
AP Human Geography- 1.3 Reading Notes
Course: Political & Environ Geography (IR 195)
University: Lehigh University
