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Investigation DNA Proteins and Mutations
The drama of scripture (Bibl 103)
Point University
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Investigation: DNA, Proteins, and Mutations
Below are two partial sequences of DNA bases (shown for only one strand of DNA) Sequence 1 is from a human and sequence 2 is from a cow. In both humans and cows, this sequence is part of a set of instructions for controlling a bodily function. In this case, the sequence contains the gene to make the protein insulin. Insulin is necessary for the uptake of sugar from the blood. Without insulin, a person cannot use digest sugars the same way others can, and they have a disease called diabetes.
Instructions:
-Using the DNA sequence, make a complementary RNA strand from both the human and the cow. Write the RNA directly below the DNA strand (remember to substitute U's for T's in RNA).
-Use the codon table in your book to determine what amino acids are assembled to make the insulin protein in both the cow and the human. Write your amino acid chain directly below the RNA sequence.
*Note: This is not the real sequence for insulin, which actually contains 51 amino acids. Uniprot provides full sequencing information on insulin and known variants. uniprot/uniprot/P
HUMAN DNA
DNA CCA TAG CAC GTT ACA ACG TGA AGG AAA
RNA
Amino Acid
COW DNA
DNA CCA TAG CAT GTT ACA ACG CGA AGG GAC
RNA
Amino Acid
Analysis
Compare the DNA Sequence and circle any single base that is different in the cow and human sequences. How many bases are different?
Examine the amino acids produced. Highlight in yellow any amino acids that are different in the two sequences. How many are there?
Could two humans (or two cows) have some differences in their DNA sequences for insulin, yet still make the exact same insulin proteins? Explain.
Examine the codon chart and list all of the codons that code for the amino acid leucine. List them:
MUTATIONS
Diabetes is a disease characterized by the inability to break down sugars. Often a person with diabetes has a defective DNA sequence that codes for the making of the insulin protein. This mutation is called a POINT MUTATION because only one base is affected.
When the amino acid in a sequence has been changed, the shape of the protein changes and can become less functional (or not function at all.)
5 a person has a mutation in their DNA, and the first triplet for the gene coding for insulin is T A T (instead of C C A). Determine what amino acid the new DNA triplet codes for. Will this person be diabetic? Explain
- A SILENT MUTATION occurs when the nucleotide changes, but the resulting amino acid is the same. The protein that is made from this new DNA will have no functional difference from the original.
What if a mutation occurred in the human insulin gene and the first triplet was changed to C C G? Is this a silent mutation? Explain how you know.
--An unknown organism is found in the forest, and the gene is sequenced, and found to be C C A T G G A A T C G A , what kind of animal do you think this is?
SYNTHESIS Answer each of the following using a single summary sentence.
10 is the relationship between DNA, codons, and proteins?
- How does the shape of a protein relate to its function?
12 why some mutations are more harmful than others.
- Construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells. Use the image as a guide.
Investigation DNA Proteins and Mutations
Course: The drama of scripture (Bibl 103)
University: Point University
