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Patrick hurley a concise introduction to logic exercise answers
Pagsusulat sa Filipino (APP6)
Malayan Colleges Mindanao
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Exercise 1.
Exercise Answers
Exercise 1 I
1: Titanium combines readily with oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen, all of which C: Titanium must be processed in their absence an adverse effect on its mechanical properties. 2: The good, according to Plato, is that which furthC: In any given case when the good is known, men wilers a person's real interests. l seek it. 3: The denial or perversion of justice by the sentences of courts, as well as in any C: The federal judiciary ought to have cognizance oother manner, is with reason classed among the just caf all causes in which the citizens uses of war. of other countries are concerned. 4: When individuals voluntarily abandon property, they forfeit any expectation of privacy in it that they might have had. C: AthewFaorruarnthtleAsms seenadrmchenant seizure of abandoned property is not unreasonable under 5 1 : Artists and poets look at the world and seek relationships and order. P 2 : But they translate their ideas to canvas, or to marble, or into poetic images. P 3 Scientists try to find relationships between different objects and events. P 4 : To express the order they find, they create hypotheses and theories. C: The great scientific theories are easily compared to great art and great literature. 6 1 : The animal species in Australia are very different from those on the mainland. P 2 : Asian placental mammals and Australian marsupial mammals have not been in C: There was never a land bridge between Australia acontact in the last several million years. nd the mainland 7 1 : We need sleep to think clearly, react quickly, and create memories. P 2 : Studies show that people who are taught mentally challenging tasks do better after P a good night’s sleep. C: It really does matter if you get enough sleep. 3 : Other research suggests that sleep is needed for creative problem solving. 8 1 : The classroom teacher is crucial to the development and academic success of the average student. P 2 : Administrators simply are ancillary to this effort. C: Classroom teachers ought to be paid at least the eqlevels, including the superintendent. uivalent of administrators at all
9 1 : An agreement cannot bind unless both parties to the agreement know what they C: The seller who intends to enter a contract with a are doing and freely choose to do it. customer has a duty to disclose exactly what the customer is buying and what the terms of the sale are. 10 1 : Punishment, when speedy and specific, may suppress undesirable behavior. PC: It is crucial to use positive techniques to model an 2 : Punishment cannot teach or encourage desirable alted reinforce appropriate behaviorrnatives. that the person can use in place of the unacceptable suppressed. response that has to be
11 1 : High profits are the signal that consumers want more of the output of the industry. P 2 : High profits provide the incentive for firms to to expand output and for more firms to enter the industry in the long run. P 3 : For a firm of above average efficiency, profits represent the reward for greater C: Profit serves a very crucial function in a free eefficiency. nterprise economy, such as our own.
12: My cat regularly used to close and lock the doortrapping their sleeping Doberman inside. to my neighbor's doghouse, P 2 : Try telling a cat what to do, or putting a leash on him--he'll glare at you and say, C: Cats can think circles around dogs."I don't think so. You should have gotten a dog." 13 1 : Private property helps people define themselves. P 2 : Private property frees people from mundane cares of daily subsistence. P 3 : Private property is finite. C: No individual should accumulate so much property accumulating the necessities of life. that others are prevented from
14 1 : To every existing thing God wills some good. P 2 : To love any thing is nothing else than to will good to that thing. C: It is manifest that God loves everything that exists. 15 1 : The average working man can support no more than two children. P 2 : The average working woman can take care of no more than two children in decent C: Women of the working class, especially wage workerfashion. s, should not have more than two children at most. 16 1 : The nations of planet earth have acquired nuclear weapons with an explosive power equal to more than a million Hiroshima bombs.
C: They are not legitimate information for an employer to know in the determination of the hiring of a job applicant. 24 1 : One of the most noticeable effects of a dark tan is premature aging of the skin. P 2 : The sun also contributes to certain types of cataracts, and, what is most C: Too much sun can lead to health problems, it plays a role in skin cancer. 25 1 : It is generally accepted that by constantly swimming with its mouth open, the shark is simply avoiding suffocation. P 2 : This assures a continuous flow of oxygen-laden watertheir gills, and out through the gill slits. into their mouths, over C: Contrary to the tales of some scuba divers, the toomouth of an approaching shark is not necessarily anticthsome, gaping grin on the ipatory.
- P: If you place a piece of Polaroid (for example, osunglasses) in front of your eye and rotate it as you lne lens of a pair of Polaroid ook at the sky on a clear day,
C: Light coming from the sky is partially polarized will notice a change in light intensity with the orientation of the Polaroid. 27 1 : The secondary light [from the moon] does not inherently belong to the moon, and is not received from any star or from the sun. P 2 : In the whole universe there is no other body left but the earth. C: The lunar body (or any other dark and sunless orb) is illuminated by the earth. 28 1 : Anyone familiar with our prison system knows that there are some inmates who P behave little better than brute beasts. 2 : If the death penalty had been truly effective as along ago have vanished. deterrent, such prisoners would C: The very fact that these prisoners exist is a tellicapital punishment as a deterrent. ng argument against the efficacy of
29 1 : REM (rapid eye movement) sleep studies conducted on adults indicate that REM pressure increases with deprivation. P 2 : This would not occur if REM sleep and dreaming were unimportant. C: REM sleep and dreaming are necessary in the adult. 30 1 : We say that an end pursued in its own right is more complete than an end pursued because of something else, and that an end that is never choiceworthy because of something else is more complete than ends that are choown right and because of this end. iceworthy both in their C: An end that is always choiceworthy in its own righsomething else, is complete without qualification, and never because of
Part II. 1 sports are as much driven by money as professional sports.
2 creation of a multilingual society is contrary to the best interests of all of us. 3 competitive aspect of team sports is having a negative impact on the health and fitness of our children. 4 majors are robbing themselves of the true purposesacrifice that outweighs the future salary checks. of collegiate academics, a 5 sale and purchase of recreational drugs should be legalized. 6 should not cut the National Institutes of Health budget. 7 religious intolerance of television preachers must not be tolerated. 8 should not be offered elective Cesarean section. 9 who truly love their children allow them to fail once in a while. 10. Protecting the environment requires that we limit population growth.
Part III
1: The organized body of knowledge, or science, that evaluates arguments. 2: A group of statements one or more of whichprovide support for, or reasons to believe, one of the others (the conclusion). (the premises) are claimed to 3: A sentence that is either true or false. 4: A statement in an argument that sets forth evidence or reasons. 5: The statement in an argument that the preimply. mises are claimed to support or 6 indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the conclusion. 7 indicator: A word that provides a clue in identifying the premises. 8: The reasoning process used to produce an argument. 9: The information content of a statement. 10 value: The attribute by which a statement is either true or false.
Part IV 1. True 6. False
Exercise 1. Exercise 1. Part I 1 (explanation) 2; conditional statement 3 (conclusion: Freedom of the press is the mconstitutionally guaranteed freedoms.) ost important of our 4 (illustration) 5 (piece of advice) 6 (conclusion: Mosquito bites are not always the harmless little irritations most of us take them to be.) 7 (conclusion: If stem-cell research is restprematurely.) ricted, then people will die 8 (conclusion: Fiction provides us with the opportunity to ponder how people react in uncommon situations, and to deduce mprinciples, and philosophical insights from their behavior.)oral lessons, psychological 9 (statement of belief) 10 (report) 11 (conclusion: Any interest of the state in pinherently hazardous procedure, except when it woulrotecting the woman from an d be equally dangerous for her to forgo it, has largely disappeared. 12 (expository passage) 13 (opinion and piece of advice)
14 (report of an argument) 15 (conclusion: Economics is of practical value in business.) 16 (piece of advice) 17 (loosely associated statements) 18 passage could be interpreted as either an argumentIf it is interpreted as an argument, the conclusion is: Most business organizations or an explanation (or both). include a credit department which must reach a decisieach prospective customer. on on the credit worthiness of
4 5 (conclusion: The Democratic Party is more concerned with achieving broad happiness, while the Republican Party is more cselfishness.) oncerned with fulfilling 6 (conclusion: Treating cruelty to animals with the seriousness it deserves doesn’t only protect animals, it also makes the entire community safer.) 7 (conclusion: Creating a third political pagood idea.) rty—the independent party—is a 8 (conclusion: When women’s voices are silenced, the institutions themselves suffer.) 9 10 (conclusion: Strong anti-bullying programs ato report bullying anonymously, to train all school personnel to take reports of re needed to provide a means bullying seriously, and to offer workshops for childrebullied.) n on how to respond to being
Part IV 1 from example: An argument that purports to prove something by giving one or more examples of it. 2 statement: An "if ... then ..." statement 3: The component of a conditional statementword "if." that immediately follows the 4: The component of a conditional statement word "then"; the component of a conditional statement that is not the antecedentthat immediately follows the
5 ent condition: The condition represented by the antecedent of a conditional 6 condition: The condition represented by the consequent of a conditional statement 7: A statement or group of statements intenevent ded to shed light on some 8: The component of an explanation that iphenomenon to be explained ndicates the event or
9: The component of an explanation that explains the event indicated by the explanandum 10: A kind of nonargument composed of statesomething means or how something is done. ments intended to show what
11 passage: A kind of Nonargument consisting of a topic sentence and one or more other sentences that expand or elaborate on the topic sentence.
Part V 1. TrueFalse 6. True7. True 3. FalseTrue 8. True9. True 5. True 10. True
Part VI 1: If something is a tiger, then it is an animal. 2: If something is not an animal, then it is notiger, then it is an animal. t a tiger. Or : If something is a 3: If a person drinks a Coke, then he will quench his thirst. 4: If a person has no racquet, then he/she cannplays tennis, then he/she has a racquet. ot play tennis. Or : If a person 5: If a person does not heat water, then he/she cannot brew coffee. Or : If a person brews coffee, then he/she has heated water. 6: If someone steps on a cat’s tail, then the cat will yowl. 7: If leaves burn, then smoke is produced. 8: If a person does not pay attention, then hlecture. Or : If a person understands a lecture, then he/she pays e/she will not understand a attention. 9: If a number is exactly divisible by 4, then it is an even number. 10: If a person does not utter a falsehood, thIf a person tells a lie, then he/she utters a falsehood he/she does not tell a lie. Or :
20 (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise.) 21 use of the indicator "manifestly deduced" and the quasi-geometrical approach suggest that this argument is deductive. Nevertheless thinterpreted as an inductive causal inference: Reasoning from the appearances to the e argument could be reality behind the appearances. 22 (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise; this example might also be interpreted as an argument from definition--the definition of "refraction.") 23 (prediction; also, the conclusion follows only probably from the premises.) 24 (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 25 (causal inference: the dog's familiarity silent.) with the visitor caused the dog to be
26 (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 27 (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.) 28 (causal inference; also, the word "may" suggests a probabilistic inference.)
29 (argument from analogy) 30 (the conclusion follows necessarily from the premise.)
Part II 1 argument: An argument in which the arguerthe conclusion to be false given that the premises are true claims that it is impossible for 2 argument: An argument in which the arguerthat the conclusion be false given that the premises ar claims that it is improbable e true
3:icAordgeedoumcteivtreicarcgou m peunttatiinown hoircmh ethaseucroenmcelunstion 4 from definition: A deductive argument in which the conclusion is claimed to depend merely upon the definition of some word orconclusion phrase used in the premise or 5 syllogism: A syllogism in which all threepropositions; a syllogism in which all three statement statements are categorical s begin with the words "all," "no" or "some" 6 syllogism: A syllogism having a conditional statement for one or both of its premises
Exercise 1. 7 syllogism: A syllogism having a disjunctpremises ive statement for one of its 8 from analogy: An inductive argument that dsimilarity between two things or states of affairs epends on the existence of a 9: An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a selected sample to some claim about the whole group 10: An inductive argument that proceeds froclaim about the future m our knowledge of the past to a
11 from authority: An inductive argument that concludes something is true because a presumed expert or witness has said that it is 12 based on signs: An inductive argument that proceeds from the knowledge of a sign to a claim about the thing or situation that the sign symbolizes 13 inference: An inductive argument that proceeda claim about an effect, or from knowledge of an effect to a claim about a causes from knowledge of a cause to
14 statement: A statement that makes a claim about one or more (but not all) members of a class 15 statement: A statement that makes a claim about all the members of a class
Part III 1. True2. True 6. False7. True 12. False11. True 3. True 8. False 13. True 4. True5. False 10. False9. False 14. False15. False
Exercise 1 I
1, unsound; false premises, false conclusion. 2, sound; true premise, true conclusion. 3, unsound; true premises, false conclusion. 4, sound; true premise, true conclusion. 5, unsound; false premise, true conclusion.
14, cogent; true premise, probably true conclusion. 15, uncogent; false premise, probably false conclusion.
Part III 1, valid 11. Inductive, weak 2, weak 12. Deductive, invalid 3, strong 13. Inductive, weak 4, valid, unsound 14. Deductive, valid, unsound 5, valid* 15. Inductive, strong 6, strong 16. Deductive, invalid 7, weak 17. Deductive, valid 8, invalid 18. Deductive, valid 9, strong 19. Inductive, strong 10, invalid 20. Deductive, invalid *To prove this, from the side between the two equal angles construct a perpendicular line through the other vertex. The resulting two right tangle-angle-side theorem. Hence the hypotenuses of theriangles are then congruent by the se two triangles are equal, which proves that the srcinal triangle has two equal sides. Part IV 1 argument: An argument in which it is impossible for the conclusion to be false given that the premises are true 2 argument: A deductive argument in which it be false given that the premises are true is possible for the conclusion to 3 argument: A deductive argument that is valid and has all true premises 4 argument: A deductive argument that is eithefalse premises (or both) r invalid or has one or more 5 argument: An inductive argument in which it is improbable that the conclusion be false given that the premises are true
Exercise 1. 6 argument: An inductive argument in which the conclusion does not follow probably from the premises 7 argument: An inductive argument that is strong and has all true premises 8 argument: An inductive argument that is eitfalse premises (or both) her weak or has one or more
Part V 1. False2. True 6. True7. False 11. False12. True 3. False4. True 8. False9. True 13. False14. False 5. True 10. False 15. False
Exercise 1. Part I 1. All G are S Q are S. All cats are animals. (T)All dogs are animals. (T) All G are Q. All cats are dogs. (F) 2 C are E. No cats are dogs. (T) Some P are not C. Some animals are not cats. (T)Some E are not P. Some dogs are not animals. (F) 3. No P are M. No cats are dogs. (T) All P are R M are R. All cats are animals. (T)No dogs are animals. (F) 4. No I are P. No fish are mammals. (T) Some I are not F F are not P. Some cats are not mammals. (F)Some fish are not cats. (T) 5 P are W. Some animals are dogs. (T) No W are T P are T. No dogs are fish animals are fish. (F) (T) 6 S are T S are M. All dogs are mammals. (T)All dogs are animals. (T) All M are T. All animals are mammals. (F) 7. No P are H C are H. No dogs are fish mammals are fish. (T)(T) No P are C. No dogs are mammals. (F)
Exercise 1.
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9 D are either I or G. All dogs are either mammals or fish. Some D are I D are G. Some dogs are mammals dogs are fish.
10 R that are F are either L or H R are H. All cats that are mammals are eitheAll cats are animals. r dogs or animals. All F are L. All animals are dogs.
Exercise 1. Part I
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Part II
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Patrick hurley a concise introduction to logic exercise answers
Course: Pagsusulat sa Filipino (APP6)
University: Malayan Colleges Mindanao
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