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Tejeros Convention: Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Bachelor of Science in Biology
West Visayas State University
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Name : Ma. Francel A. Cartujano Subject: SS 110 Course and Section : BSBIO 1-A Date Submitted: March 26, 2021
Primary vs. Secondary Sources Tejeros Convention (1897)
Primary Source The Katipunan and the Revolution: Memoirs of a General by Santiago Virata Álvarez
Secondary Source The Revolt of the Masses: The Story of Bonifacio and the Katipunan. “Seeds of Discontent”by Teodoro Andal Agoncillo Author’s background
Santiago V. Alvarez was born in Imus, Cavite on July 25, 1872 and the only child of Revolutionary General Mariano Alvarez and Nicolasa Virata.
He is also known as “Kidlat ng Apoy” or “General Apoy”
One of the soldiers of the revolutionary and Philippine independence military
He was a member of the Katipunan secret society and remained in the Magdiwang faction together with Andres Bonifacio
Captain general of the military rebel forces of Cavite
Founder and honorary President of the first directorate of the Nacionalista Party
Teodoro A. Agoncillo was born in Lemery, Batangas on November 9, 1912
He was considered one of the most important historians of the Philippines
He was included in the roster of the Order of National Scientists in 1985 for his contributions in Philippine History
He is a graduate of Philosophy and Arts
a poet, a writer, an editor, a linguistic assistant, a Chairperson of the Department of History, and a professor in many universities
One of the first Filipino historians who earned renown for promoting a distinctly nationalist point of view of Filipino history (nationalist historiography) When was the account written?
The account was written in the year 1927
October 1947 to January 1948
It was published in 1956 Mention of Date (s) There were only two (2) specific dates mentioned in the account:
March 25, 1897: The assembly at Tejeros Convened
March 27,1897: The morning when eyewitnesses reported that a meeting among the members of the Magdalo took place at the Tanza parish house
Early part of November- Governor General Blanco has begun his offensive in Cavite; the capital was moved to San Francisco de Malabon and later to Naik
middle of December 1896 : Andres Bonifacio and his family left the mountains of Montalban and Mariquina to visit the Katipunan in Cavite.
January 2, 1897 : Bonifacio wrote a letter to Mariano Alvarez after his encounter with the Magdalo in Imus.
January 1897 : Riffle shots interrupted the fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon which led to a conflict between Santiago Alvarez and Captain Mariano San Gabriel.
March 22, 1897 : Emilio Aguinaldo celebrated his birthday with a battle with a battled with Spanish soldiers in Salitran. At the same time, the assembly at Tejeros convened
April 1897: Spaniards captured the town of Malabon Mention of Place • Friar estate house in Tejeros(San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite)
where the assembly convened
Where Magdalo Pres. Baldomero Aguinaldo, called another meeting after the day of the convention (March 26, 1897)
Parish house of the Catholic church in Tanza(Santa Cruz de Malabon)
where that same night of the assembly, rumor had it that Messrs. Mariano Trias. Daniel Tirona, Emiliano R. de Dios, Santiago Rillo and others were conferring with the priest, Fr. Cenon Villafranca.
where the rumored meeting between Magdalo leaders took place the same night the day after the assembly
held a gathering wherein those elected at the Tejeros convention (Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and Artemio Ricarte) took their oath of office.
Cavite – successfully rose in revolt
Batangas – town that was under the Magdalo government
Nasugbu, Tuwi, and Look – towns which belonged to the Magdiwang government
Noveleta – the capital of Magdiwang since its organization; where Esteban San Juan invited Bonifacio to attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels
San Francisco de Malabon – where the capital of Magdiwang was transferred after Noveleta after General Blanco began his offense
Naik – where the capital of Magdiwang was transferred after San Francisco de Malabon
Kawit – Magdalo's capital before it fell
Imus, San Francisco de Malabon, Naik and Maragondon – successively became the capitals of Magdalo after they fell in Kawit
Mountains of Montalban and Mariquina – a delegate was sent to look for Supremo as it is where he has been staying
Zapote – where Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tirona, and Edilberto Evangelista met Supremo and his family after his arrival in Cavite
House of Juan Castañeda in Imus – where Bonifacio was brought by the rebel leaders of Magdalo
House of Santos Nocon – where Bonifacio was accomodated upon arriving at Malaboon
House of Mrs. Estefania Potente – where Bonifacio stayed after being quartered at the house of Santos Nocon until the Spaniards capture the town in April 1897
Mr. Diego Mojica – the Magdiwang secretary of the Treasury; he warned the Supremo Bonifacio that many ballots distributed were already filled out and that the voters had not done this themselves.
Mariano C. Trias – won the Vice president position over Mr. Mariano Alvarez and the Supremo Bonifacio
General Vibora – was elected Captain over General Apoy
Mr. Emiliano R. de Dios – was elected Secretary of War, over Messrs. Santiago V. Alvarez, Ariston Villanueva, and Daniel Tirona
Mr. Jose del Rosario – the lawyer who Daniel Tirona suggested to replace Supremo Bonifacio in his elected position
Mr. Baldomero Aguinaldo – the Magdalo President
Mr. Severino de las Alas – witness during the oath-taking ceremony
Fr. Cenon Villafranca – a priest who officiated the oath-taking ceremony of the elected officials: Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias and Artemio Ricart
Mr. Antonio Montenegro
Mariano M. Alvarez
Pascual Alvarez
Ariston Villanueva
Santos Nocon
Luciano San Miguel
Pablo Mojica
Santiago Rillo
Cayetano Topacio
Nicolas Portilla
Mariano Reiego de Dios – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General
Supremo Andres Bonifacio – elected as the Director of Interior during the Convention
Jacinto Lumbreras – a Magdiwang member; the assembly’s presiding officer
Teodoro Gonzales – a Magdiwang member who acted as the secretary of the assembly
Severino de las Alas – a Magdiwang, took the floor and suggested that the convention assembled should solve the problem of whether a new government should be established to take the place of the Katipunan
Magdalo Government Administration:
Baldomero Aguinaldo – President
Candido Tirona - Minister of War
Emilio Aguinaldo – Comander-in- Chief; lead the Magdalo soldiers facing the Spaniards in Salitran; won the Presidency in absentia over Bonifacio and Trias during the Convention
Cayetano Topacio - Minister of Finance
Edilberto Evangelista – Lieutenant General
Vito Belarmino – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General
Crispulo Aguinaldo – Military Commander with the rank of Brigadier-General
Daniel Tirona – he objected when Bonifacio was proclaimed as the Director of the Interior
Antonio Montenegro – had an argument with Santiago Alvarez
Jose del Rosario - the lawyer who Daniel Tirona suggested to replace Bonifacio in his elected position
Esteban San Juan – invited Bonifacio to attend the demonstration of the Magdiwang rebels in Noveleta
Captain Mariano San Gabriel – a Magdiwang man, whose men fired riffle shots during the town fiesta of San Francisco de Malabon and caused chaos.
Emilio Jacinto – Bonifacio’s friend who he wrote letter to about after the event/assembly
Vicente Fernandez
Governor General Blanco
Sequencing of events
It started with the assembly at Tejeros on March 25, 1897, and was presided by Secretary Jacinto Lumbreras.
Jacinto Lumbreras announced the main topic of discussion: to discuss how to secure the areas under the Magdiwang control, but this was countered by Severino de las Alas who imposed that the important matter should be tackled - the form of the government the Katipunan should have.
There was a debate whether to change the state of government the Katipunan had established or not.
Mr. Antonio Montenegro spoke in defense of Mr. Severino de las Alas's stand. He argued that if they would disagree on the kind of revolutionary government they were to have, then they would be no better than a pack of bandits or wild, mindless animals.
A conflict between General Apoy and Antonio Montenegro, as General Apoy ordered the arrest of Mr. Montenegro. Because of this, disorder occupied the assembly was immediately resolved and Jacinto Lumbreras, the presider of the meeting, yielded the chairmanship to Supremo Andres Bonifacio.
Bonifacio accepted and spoke before the election began stressing that the person who gets most of the votes must be declared and respected as the winner, regardless of his state in life.
It started by stating that the Katipunan in Cavite were divided into two factions: Magdiwang and Magdalo.
The Magdiwang, proceeding with its election independently of the Magdalo, chose the following men to administer the government. The Magdalo also elected people to take the reins of its government.
Both factions agreed to make respective officers wear the same uniform for specific positions.
The Katipunan called for the reorganization of their territories under each Katipunan faction. However, the Magdiwang and Magdalo had been silently fighting over Cavite, both parties not wanting to be ruled over by the other.
The Magdiwang men invited Supremo Andres Bonifacio to visit Cavite and intervene with the rising conflict.
There were three invitations sent to Bonifacio, and only on the third invitation did he approve the request.
Bonifacio arrived at Imus and was welcomed by Emilio Aguinaldo, Candido Tiron and Edilberto Evangelista of the Magdalo faction
The Magdalo leaders saw Bonifacio’s gestures as if he was acting superior.
Bonifacio was then brought to the house of Juan Castañeda in Imus, where he was visited by the many from the Magdalo faction.
holding their own meeting in the parish house in Tanza. 17. The following day, 27 March 1897, eyewitnesses who had spied on the proceeding the other night revealed that a meeting had taken place at the Tanza parish house and that the Supremo's decisions regarding the election at the friar estate house were not respected. 18. At the gathering in the Tanza parish house, those elected at the Tejeros convention knelt before a crucifix. 19. The officials elected during the Tejeros Convention (Emilio Aguinaldo, Mariano C. Trias, and Artemio Ricarte) solemnly took their office without those elected from the Magdiwang. The Magdalo posted troops to guard the Tanza parish house for their oath-taking ceremonies.
- There was a debate whether to change the form of government the Katipunan has established or not. Sensing that the situation was getting more out of hand without a fruitful result
- Tension aroused when Santiago Alvarez took his anger on Antonio Montenegro. Because of this, Lumbreras called for the meeting's recess.
- The assembly resumed after an hour with Lumbreras transferring the chairmanship of the meeting to Andres Bonifacio.
- Bonifacio granted the petition for a new form of government, stressing that the majority's decision must always be respected. An election was held to select the new officials who will govern the recently instituted Republic of the Philippines. Bonifacio remarked whoever gets most of the votes must be declared and respected as the winner, regardless of his state in life.
- A conflict between Andres Bonifacio and Daniel Tirona was formed after Bonifacio won the Director of Interior position
- Bonifacio angrily whipped out his pistol to fire at Tirona, but Ricarte grabbed his hand and prevented what might have been a tragic affair.
- As people try to leave, Bonifacio declared the results of the meeting null and void, which ended the Tejeros Convention.
- Bonifacio sent a letter to Mariano Alvarez expressing his despair for not getting the Presidency which, for him, must be given to him as the initiator of the revolution. He also shared his sentiments with his friend, Emilio Jacinto. Differences between 2 accounts
General Observations
- The account was written by an eyewitness who personally experienced the event.
- It mainly focused on the election and the delegation of the officials.
General Observations
Agoncillo's Seeds of Discontent was comprehensive since it started with a detailed account of events before and beyond the convention to further supply and understand the sentiments
It was a detailed narration of the exchange of different views between each faction and how the election was conducted.
Contains dialogues between the people involved in the conversations during the convention
The account was brief, and it simply narrates the story in the Tejeros Convention based on his memoirs and actual experience.
It is somehow bland due to the lack of adjectives used to describe the situation.
Contains limited expression of feelings aside from visible emotions that led to certain happenings to another like anger
Specific Differences
- His narration immediately started with the convention in Tejeros.
- According to Santiago Alvarez, the Tejeros Convention convened on March 25, 1897
- He did not mention the events that lead to the assembly.
- He mentioned where the meeting took place but did not describe it as much as Agoncillo did on his account.
- Conflicts that arose during the convention were discussed, as well as how the attendees dealt with them.
- He cited that the author, General Santiago Álvarez himself, ordered Antonio Montenegro's capture after the two got into a heated discussion.
- Six (6) available positions were enumerated for the election of the officials.
- The account lacks the names of the nominees mentioned in Agoncillo’s account.
- Specified that it was General Santiago Álvarez himself who disapproved of General Artemio Ricarte’s refusal to accept the position of Captain-General of the new government
of Bonifacio presented in the later parts of the text.
- It was written based on other accounts acquired from different sources and not from personal experience.
- Contains fewer conversations
- It is wordy as most events were described using flowery words and figures of speech.
- The account emphasized Bonifacio's emotions as it described what and how he thought about a particular situation as if he was the account's main character.
- Teodoro Agoncillo focused more on the misunderstanding between the two factions.
- He gave his interpretation of the actions of Bonifacio and gave reasons why he was angry that he did not win the election.
Specific Differences
- The narration started with giving details about the division of Katipunans in Cavite, the Magdiwang and Magdalo
- Mentioned details and facts about the history and misunderstanding between the two factions that lead to the assembly in Tejeros.
- Stated that the Tejeros Convention started on March 22, 1897
- The account provided a detailed description of the estate-house where the assembly was held as well as a much more complete list of the attendees
- Mentioned that there are other Katipunans who went to the assembly uninvited.
- Presented conflicts that emerged during the convention but were not told in detail
- Revealed that Jacinto Lumbreras only called for a recession of the meeting after arguments emerged among the attendees.
Tejeros Convention: Primary vs. Secondary Sources
Course: Bachelor of Science in Biology
University: West Visayas State University
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