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Physics Formula Booklet By Kerwin Springer 1
Physical Chemistry 1 (CHEM 2370)
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THE PHYSICS
FORMULA
BOOKLET
From Kerwin Springer
In 2005 days before the CSEC Physics exams I wrote out all the Physics definitions and formulae on printing paper scattered across the floor of my living room. I drew all key diagrams. Summarized all key labs.
Before the exams I beat those sheets of paper like they owed me money. I then practiced years of Past Papers and when results came out, I was rewarded with a ONE and A’s in all profiles.
This booklet is my recreation of those sheets of paper. It is the Physics syllabus condensed into formulae and definitions meant to work as a companion to your notes and past paper revision. May it serve you as it did me and may you reap rewards on par or greater than mine.
You can find me by searching Kerwin Springer on YouTube or at kerwinspringer
Looking for the highest quality online lessons? Check out The Student Hub Ltd.
© thestudenthub +18687840619 (WhatsApp Contact) All rights reserved No unauthorized distribution, resale, photocopying, digital reproduction.
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Physics Formula Booklet – Formulas and Definitions
Mechanics
Fundamental Quantities
Fundamental Quantities Base SI Units Mass (m) kilogram (끫뢰끫뢰) length (끫뢲) meter (끫뢴) time (끫룂) second (끫룀) current (끫롸) ampere (끫롨) Temperature (끫뢎) kelvin (끫롼) amount of substance (끫뢶) mole (끫뢴끫뢴끫뢲) luminous intensity (끫뢲끫룆) candela (끫뢠끫뢠)
Prefixes
Prefix Factor Symbol 1012 tera T 109 giga G 106 mega M 103 kilo k 10 −1 deci d 10 −2 centi c 10 −3 milli m 10 −6 micro 끫븎 10 −9 nano n 10 −12 pico p
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Density
Definition:
Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volume.
Formula:
Density = 끫룆끫룆끫룆끫룆끫뢴끫룆끫뢴끫뢴끫뢴끫뢴
끫븘 = 끫뢴끫뢒
where
끫븘 = density (끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴−3)
끫뢴 = mass (kg)
끫뢒 = volume (끫뢴 3 )
Unit Analysis:
Density = 끫룆끫룆끫룆끫룆끫뢴끫룆끫뢴끫뢴끫뢴끫뢴
Unit of Density = 끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐 끫룆끫뢸끫룆끫룆끫룆끫룆끫뢴끫룆 끫룆끫뢸 끫뢴끫뢴끫뢴끫뢴
= 끫뢴끫뢰끫뢰 3
= 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴−
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Errors – Random Error vs. Systematic Error
Random Error
An error in measurement caused by factors which vary from one measurement to another.
- averages out over repeated readings.
- example: human response time, lack of uniformity in quantity being measured
Systematic Error
An error having a non-zero mean, so that its effect is not reduced when observations are averaged.
- does not average out over repeated readings.
- arises due to a flaw in the equipment or the experiment’s design.
- example: calibration error, zero error
Precision vs. Accuracy
Precision
- how close the repeated readings are
Accuracy
- how close to the true value
Graphical Representation of Precision and Accuracy
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Graphs
Formula:
끫뢴 = 끫료 끫룊 22 −끫료−끫룊 11
where 끫뢴 is the gradient and (끫룊 1 , 끫료 1 ), (끫룊 2 , 끫료 2 ) are the coordinates of two points on the line.
Forces
Types of forces:
- Gravitational
- Frictional
- Magnetic
- Centripetal
- Nuclear
- Mechanical
- Upthrust
Weight
Definition:
Weight is defined as a product of the body’s mass and the gravitational pull (acceleration) it receives.
Formula:
Weight = mass × gravitational pull
끫뢔 = 끫뢴끫뢰
where
끫뢔 = weight (N)
끫뢴 = mass (kg)
끫뢰 = gravitational pull/acceleration (끫뢴끫룀−2)
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Unit Analysis:
끫뢔 = 끫뢴끫뢰
= 끫뢰끫뢰 × 끫뢴끫룀− = 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴끫룀− = N
Mass
Definition:
Mass is defined as the quantity of matter that makes up the body.
Unit: kilogram (kg)
Gravity
끫뢰 − acceleration due to gravity
Unit: metre per second squared (끫뢴끫룀−2) OR Newton per kilogram (끫뢂끫뢰끫뢰−1)
Unit Analysis:
끫뢔 = 끫뢴끫뢰
끫뢰 = 끫뢔끫뢴
= 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢂
= 끫뢂끫뢰끫뢰−
On the Earth, 끫뢰 = 9 끫뢴끫룀−2.
For exams, this is sometimes rounded off to 10 끫뢴끫룀−2.
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V
V
끫롲 2 끫뢊
끫롲 1
Parallelogram law of Forces
Parallelogram law:
If two forces acting on one point on the same object are represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of a parallelogram, their resultant force is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal drawn from the same point.
Formula:
끫뢊 = 끫롲 1 + 끫롲 2
Moment
Definition:
A moment of a force about a point is the product of the force and the perpendicular distance from the pivot to the line of action.
Formula:
Moment of a force = Force × perpendicular distance
끫뢎 = 끫롲끫뢠
where
끫뢎 = moment of a force (끫뢂끫뢴} 끫롲 = force (끫뢂) 끫뢠 = distance (끫뢴)
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Unit Analysis:
끫뢎 = 끫롲끫뢠
= 끫뢂끫뢴
Principle of Moments
Definition:
The Principle of Moments state that the sum of anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of clockwise moments about a pivot.
For (Static) Equilibrium:
The two conditions for equilibrium are:
Upward Force = Downward Forces Or Net Forces = 0
“Principle of Moments” − the sum of anticlockwise moments is equal to the sum of clockwise moments about a pivot.
Centre of Gravity
Definition:
The centre of gravity of an object is the point through which its whole weight acts for any orientation of the object.
Types of Equilibrium
- Stable When displaced, centre of gravity rises then returns Centre of gravity remains over the base
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Unstable When displaced, centre of gravity falls and keeps falling Centre of gravity falls outside the base
Neutral When displaced, centre of gravity remains at the same height
Pendulum
Formula:
끫뢎 = 2끫븖� 끫뢰끫룆
Where: 끫뢲 is the length of the pendulum and 끫뢰 (= 10끫뢴끫룀−2) is the acceleration due to gravity.
Hooke’s Law
Definition:
Hooke’s law states that the force applied to a spring is directly proportional to its extension, provided that the force applied does not extend the spring beyond its elastic limit.
Formula:
Extension ∝ Stretching force
끫뢤 = 끫롲끫뢰
where
끫뢤 = extension (m)
끫롲 = stretching force (N)
끫뢰 = constant
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끫뢤끫룊끫룂끫뢤끫뢶끫룀끫뢤끫뢴끫뢶
끫롲끫뢴끫롲끫뢠끫뢤
끫롲끫뢴끫롲끫뢠끫뢤
끫뢤끫룊끫룂끫뢤끫뢶끫룀끫뢤끫뢴끫뢶
Elastic Limit
Definition:
Elastic limit is the point where the spring loses its elasticity and stops obeying Hooke’s law.
Plastic deformation – does not return to its original position.
Graphs
Formula:
Final length of spring = original length + extension
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Pressure
Can be thought of in terms of:
Mechanical Liquids Gases
Mechanical Pressure
Definition:
Mechanical pressure is defined as a normal force acting on a surface per unit area.
Unit: Pascals (끫뢆끫뢆)
Formula:
Pressure = 끫롲끫룆끫롲끫롲끫룆끫롨끫롲끫룆끫뢴
끫뢆 = 끫롲끫롨
where
끫뢆 = pressure (끫뢆끫뢆)
끫롲 = force (끫뢂)
끫롨 = area (끫뢴 2 )
Unit Analysis:
끫뢆 = 끫롲끫롨
끫뢆 = 끫뢴끫뢂 2
= 끫뢂끫뢴−2 OR 끫뢆끫뢆
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Pressure in Liquids
Definition:
Pressure in liquids is defined as a normal force acting on a surface per unit area. Pressure increases with depth.
Formula:
끫뢆 = ℎ끫븘끫뢰
where
끫뢆 = pressure (끫뢆끫뢆)
ℎ = height from surface (끫뢴)
끫븘 = density (끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴−3)
끫뢰 = acceleration due to gravity (끫뢴끫룀−2)
5 Facts on pressure in liquids:
- Not affected by cross-section
- All points on same horizontal depth = Same pressure
- Acts equally in all directions (same depth)
- Pressure is directly proportional to depth.
- Pressure is directly proportional to density.
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Manometer
Formula:
끫뢆 1 = 끫뢆 2 + ℎ끫븘
Archimedes Principle
Definition:
Archimedes principle states that the upthrust force on an object wholly or partially immersed in a fluid is equal (and opposite) to the weight of fluid displacement by the object.
Law of flotation
Based on Archimedes Principle
Law of flotation:
A floating object displaces its own weight of the fluid in which it floats.
Work
Definition:
Work done is when a force moves its point of application. Work done by a force is the product of the magnitude of a force and the distance moved in the direction of the force. Unit: Joule (끫롺)
Formula:
Work done = Force × displacement
끫뢔 = 끫롲끫룀
where 끫뢔 = work done (끫롺) 끫롲 = force (끫뢂) 끫룀 = displacement (끫뢴)
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Unit Analysis:
끫뢔 = 끫롲끫룀
끫뢔 = 끫뢂끫뢴
= 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴끫룀−2끫뢴 (since 끫뢂 = 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴끫룀−2) = 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴 2 끫룀− = 끫롺
Power
Definition:
Power is defined as the rate of work done.
Unit: Watts (끫뢔)
Formula:
끫뢆끫뢴끫뢆끫뢤끫롲 = 끫뢎끫뢐끫뢴끫룆끫뢔끫룆끫롲끫뢰 끫뢐끫뢴끫뢰끫룆끫뢐끫뢢끫룆끫뢐끫룆 = 끫롰끫뢐끫룆끫롲끫뢰끫료끫뢎끫뢐끫뢴끫룆 끫뢐끫롲끫뢴끫뢐끫뢴끫뢸끫룆끫롲끫롲끫룆끫뢢 끫뢐끫뢴끫뢰끫룆끫뢐
끫뢆 = 끫뢔끫뢐
where
끫뢆 = power (끫뢔)
끫뢔 = work done (끫롺)
끫룂 = time taken (끫룀)
Unit Analysis:
끫뢆 = 끫뢔끫뢐
= 끫롺끫뢴
= 끫롺끫룀−
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Simple Machines
Mechanical Advantage
Formula:
끫뢀끫뢤끫뢠ℎ끫뢆끫뢶끫뢤끫뢠끫뢆끫뢲 끫롨끫뢠끫롨끫뢆끫뢶끫룂끫뢆끫뢰끫뢤 = 끫룆끫뢸끫뢸끫룆끫롲끫뢐끫룆끫룆끫뢴끫뢢
Velocity Ratio
Formula:
끫뢒끫뢤끫뢲끫뢴끫뢠끫뢤끫룂끫료 끫뢊끫뢆끫룂끫뢤끫뢴 = 끫뢢끫뢐끫뢴끫뢐끫뢴끫뢐끫롲끫룆끫뢢끫뢐끫뢴끫뢐끫뢴끫뢐끫롲끫룆 끫뢴끫룆끫룆끫룆끫뢢 끫뢴끫룆끫룆끫룆끫뢢 끫뢞끫료 끫뢞끫료 끫룆끫뢸끫뢸끫룆끫롲끫뢐 끫룆끫룆끫뢴끫뢢
Efficiency
Formula:
% 끫롰끫롰끫롰끫뢤끫뢠끫뢤끫뢤끫뢶끫뢠끫료 = 끫뢐끫뢴끫룆끫뢸끫룆끫룆끫뢎끫룆끫뢐끫뢴끫룆 끫롰끫뢐끫룆끫롲끫뢰끫료 끫뢔끫룆끫롲끫뢰 끫뢄끫룆끫뢐끫뢄끫룆끫뢐 끫롸끫뢐끫뢄끫룆끫뢐 × 100
Motion Laws
Acceleration
Formula:
끫뢆 = 끫룆−끫룆끫뢐
where
끫뢆 = acceleration (끫뢴끫룀−2)
끫롨 = final velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
끫룄 = initial velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
끫룂 = time taken (끫룀)
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Velocity
Formula:
끫롨 = 끫뢴끫뢐
where
끫롨 = velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
끫룀 = displacement (끫뢴)
끫룂 = time taken (끫룀)
Average Velocity
Formula:
끫롨끫롨끫뢤끫롲끫뢆끫뢰끫뢤 끫롨끫뢤끫뢲끫뢴끫뢠끫뢤끫룂끫료 = 끫룆+끫룆 2
where
끫롨 = final velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
끫룄 = initial velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
Additional Formulas:
끫롨 = 끫룄 + 끫뢆끫룂
끫롨 2 = 끫룄 2 + 2끫뢆끫룀
끫룀 = 끫룄끫룂 + 12 끫뢆끫룂 2
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끫룀
끫룂
at rest no movement
끫롨
끫룂
constant speed
constant velocity
constant acceleration
Motion Graphs
Displacement-Time Graph
- Gradient = velocity
Speed-Time Graph
- Gradient = acceleration
- Area under graph = displacement
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Newton’s Laws
Newton’s 1st law of motion Newton’s 2nd law of motion Newton’s 3rd law of motion
Newton’s 1st law of motion
Newton’s first law of motion states that a body remains in a state of rest of uniform motion/velocity unless acted upon by a resultant force.
Newton’s 2nd law of motion
Newton’s second law of motion states that the rate of change of momentum of a body is proportional to the applied force and takes place in the direction of a force.
Formula:
끫롲 ∝ 끫뢴끫뢆
끫롲 = 끫뢴끫뢆
where
끫롲 = force (끫뢂)
끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰)
끫뢆 = acceleration (끫뢴끫룀−2)
Unit Analysis:
끫롲 = 끫뢴끫뢆 = 끫뢰끫뢰 × 끫뢴끫룀− = 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴끫룀− = N
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Momentum
Formula:
Momentum = mass × velocity
끫뢺 = 끫뢴끫롨
where 끫뢺 = momentum (끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴끫룀−1) 끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰) 끫롨 = velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
Substituting 끫뢆 = 끫룆−끫룆끫뢐 into 끫롲 = 끫뢴끫뢆 gives:
끫롲 = 끫뢴 �끫룆−끫룆끫뢐 �
끫롲끫룂 = 끫뢴끫롨 − 끫뢴끫룄
change of momentum
Note: 끫롸끫뢴끫뢺끫룄끫뢲끫룀끫뢤 = 끫롲끫룂
Conservation of Momentum
Principle of Conservation of Momentum
Total Momentum before collision = Total Momentum after collision
Newton’s 3rd law of motion
Newton’s third law of motion states that if body A exerts a force on body B, body B will
exert an equal and opposite force on body A.
Energy
Energy means the ability to do work.
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Principle of conservation of energy:
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed; if energy disappears in one form, it re-appears in another.
Kinetic Energy
Formula:
끫롰끫뢰 = 12 끫뢴끫롨 2
where
끫롰끫뢰 = kinetic energy (끫롺)
끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰)
끫롨 = velocity (끫뢴끫룀−1)
Unit Analysis:
끫롰끫뢰 = 12 끫뢴끫롨 2
끫롰끫뢰 = 끫뢰끫뢰(끫뢴끫룀−1) 2
= 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴 2 끫룀−2 = 끫롺
Potential Energy
Formula:
끫롰끫뢄 = 끫뢴끫뢰ℎ
where
끫롰끫뢄 = potential energy (J)
끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰)
ℎ = height (끫뢴)
끫뢰 = acceleration due to gravity (끫뢴끫룀−2)
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Unit Analysis:
끫롰끫뢄 = 끫뢴끫뢰ℎ
끫롰끫뢄 = 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴끫룀−2끫뢴
= 끫뢰끫뢰끫뢴 2 끫룀−2 = 끫롺
Types of Energy
Nuclear Thermal Light Kinetic Potential Sound Mechanical Chemical
Heat and Matter
Caloric Theory Kinetic Theory
Caloric Theory
- Heat was a fluid called caloric.
- Caloric moved from hot bodies to cold bodies (in contact).
- Friction creates particles that create caloric.
23
Solid Liquid Gas
melting
sublimation
boiling
freezing condensation
deposition
Kinetic Theory
- All matter is made up of small particles in continual state of motion.
- Heat is a result of the particle motion.
- Heat caused by friction is a result of Mechanical Energy being converted to 끫롰끫롶 in the substance.
Evidence of Kinetic Theory
- Brownian Motion – the haphazard (or erratic) movement of microscopic particles (example smoke particles) because of interaction/bombardment with air molecules.
- Diffusion in Liquids – movement of particles from a place of high concentration to a low concentration along a concentration gradient.
States of matter
Phases
Types of Thermometers
Laboratory Mercury vs. Alcohol Clinical/Medical Thermometer Thermocouple
24
Clinical/Medical Thermometer
Characteristics
- Range: 35 − 42
- Narrow bore which increases sensitivity.
- There is a constriction such that when it expands, it remains put. This allows time for the reading to be taken.
- The glass tube is a little thinner than normal.
Thermocouple
Advantages
- Sensitive to subtle changes. (High Precision)
- Can be used to measure high temperatures.
- Can be easily linked to equipment using an electrical signal to form feedback loops with automated machinery in the industry.
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Types of Heat Transfers
Conduction Convection Radiation
Note:
- Conduction and convection both need a medium.
- Radiation does not need a medium. It can travel in a vacuum.
How Vacuum Fluids Solid
Conduction
Kinetic energy is passed through molecule to molecule, atom to atom.
√ √
Convection
Convection currents transferring Thermal energy.
√
Radiation Electromagnetic Infrared Radiation √ √
Depending on the wavelength some, radiation can pass through solids.
Convection Currents
Definition:
Convection currents is defined as the flow of a liquid/gas caused by changes in density, in which the whole medium moves and carries heat energy.
26
Heat Capacity
Definition:
Heat capacity is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of an object by 1 Kelvin.
Formula:
끫롰끫롶 = 끫롬∆끫뢎
where
끫롰끫롶 = heat energy (J)
끫롬 = heat capacity (끫롺끫롼−1)
∆끫뢎 = change in temperature (끫롼)
Unit Analysis:
끫롰끫롶 = 끫롬∆끫뢎
끫롬 = 끫롰 ∆끫뢎끫롶
= 끫롼끫롺
= 끫롺끫롼−1
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Specific Heat Capacity
Definition:
Specific heat capacity is the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 끫뢰끫뢰 of a substance by 1 Kelvin.
Formula:
끫롰끫롶 = 끫뢴끫뢠∆끫뢎
where
끫롰끫롶 = heat energy (J)
끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰)
끫뢠 = specific heat capacity (끫롺끫뢰끫뢰−1끫롼−1)
∆끫뢎 = change in temperature (끫롼)
Unit Analysis:
끫롰끫롶 = 끫뢴끫뢠∆끫뢎
끫뢠 = 끫뢴∆끫뢎끫롰끫롶
= 끫뢰끫뢰끫롼끫롺
= 끫롺끫뢰끫뢰−1끫롼−1
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Specific latent heat of fusion
Definition:
Specific latent heat of fusion is defined as the heat energy required to change 1 끫뢰끫뢰 of the substance from solid to liquid without changing temperature.
Formula:
끫롰 = 끫뢴끫뢲끫뢸
where
끫롰 = energy (J)
끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰)
끫뢲끫뢸 = specific latent heat of fusion (끫롺끫뢰끫뢰−1)
Specific latent heat of vaporization
Definition:
Specific latent heat of vaporization is defined as the heat energy required to change 1 끫뢰끫뢰 of the substance from liquid to vapour/gas without changing temperature.
Formula:
끫롰 = 끫뢴끫뢲끫룆
where
끫롰 = energy (J)
끫뢴 = mass (끫뢰끫뢰)
끫뢲끫룆 = specific latent heat of vaporization (끫롺끫뢰끫뢰−1)
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Difference between Evaporation and Boiling
Evaporation – occurs at any temperature at the surface.
Boiling – happens at boiling point.
Boiling – occurs throughout the liquid.
Factors affecting the boiling point of a liquid:
The external pressure. The presence of solutes in the liquid.
Gas Laws
Boyles Law Charles Law Pressure Law
General Gas Equation
Boyles Law
- Temperature is constant.
Boyles Law:
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its volume if the absolute temperature is constant.
Formula:
끫뢆 ∝ 1 끫뢒
끫뢆 = 끫뢒끫뢰 OR 끫뢰 = 끫뢆끫뢒
where
끫뢰 = constant 끫뢆 = pressure (끫뢆끫뢆) 끫뢒 = volume (끫뢴 3 )
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Charles Law
- Pressure is constant.
Charles Law:
The volume of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the pressure is constant.
Formula:
끫뢒 ∝ 끫뢎
끫뢒 = 끫뢰끫뢎 OR 끫뢰 = 끫뢒끫뢎
where
끫뢰 = constant 끫뢒 = volume (끫뢴 3 ) 끫뢎 = temperature (끫롼)
Pressure Law
- Volume is constant.
Pressure Law:
The pressure of a fixed mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature if the volume is constant.
Formula:
끫뢆 ∝ 끫뢎
끫뢆 = 끫뢰끫뢎 OR 끫뢰 = 끫뢆끫뢎
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where
끫뢰 = constant 끫뢆 = pressure (끫뢆끫뢆) 끫뢎 = temperature (끫롼)
General Gas Equation
(Combination of three gas laws) Formula:
끫뢆끫뢒 끫뢎 = a constant
끫뢆 1 끫뢒 1 끫뢎 1 =
끫뢆 2 끫뢒 2 끫뢎 2
where
끫뢆 = pressure (끫뢆끫뢆)
끫뢎 = temperature (끫롼)
끫뢒 = volume (끫뢴 3 )
Point Source vs. Extended Source
Point Source – Small concentrated source
Point Source – Example: pinhole
Extended Source – Long source of light
Extended Source – Example: fluorescent bulb
Rectilinear Propagation
- Straight line travel of light
Eclipse of the Sun
- The Eclipse of the Sun occurs when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth.
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끫뢤 끫롲
incident ray reflected ray
normal
Convex Mirror Examples are: 1. rear view mirror 2. mirror on the road junction
Concave Mirror Examples are: 1. car light 2. torch light
Eclipse of the Moon (lunar eclipse)
- The Eclipse of the Moon occurs when the Earth is between the Sun and the Moon.
Reflection
Laws of Reflection
- The incident ray, the reflected ray and the normal, at the point of incidence, are all on the same plane.
- The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
Convex mirror vs. Concave mirror
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Refraction
Laws of Refraction
- The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal, at the point of incidence, are all on the same plane.
- sin 끫롲sin 끫뢐 = 끫뢰 The ratio sin 끫롲sin 끫뢐 is constant for a given pair of media where 끫뢤 is the angle of incidence and 끫롲 is the angle of refraction.
Formula:
− 1 끫뢶 2 = sin 끫뢐sin 끫롲
where 끫뢶 = refractive index 끫뢤 = angle of incidence 끫롲 = angle of refraction
Additional Formulas:
− 1 끫뢶 2 = 끫뢴끫뢄끫룆끫룆끫뢢끫뢴끫뢄끫룆끫룆끫뢢 끫룆끫뢸끫룆끫뢸 끫룆끫뢐끫뢰ℎ끫뢐끫룆끫뢐끫뢰ℎ끫뢐 끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐끫뢐 끫뢴끫룆끫뢢끫뢐끫룆끫뢴끫뢴끫룆끫뢢끫뢐끫룆끫뢴 12
− 1 끫뢶 2 = 끫뢴끫뢄끫뢄끫뢴끫롲끫룆끫뢐끫뢐끫롲끫룆끫뢴끫룆 끫뢢끫룆끫뢄끫뢐ℎ 끫뢢끫룆끫뢄끫뢐ℎ
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convex lens concave lens
Critical Angle
Definition:
The critical angle is defined as the angle of incidence that makes an angle of refraction that is 90°.
Formula:
sin 끫뢠 = −끫뢜 1 끫뢐끫뢨
where −끫뢴끫뢶끫뢰 = refractive index of the material from air to glass 끫뢠 = critical angle
Total Internal Reflection
Definition:
Total internal reflection occurs when the angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle for light travelling from a dense to a less dense medium. The ray of light is reflected into the more dense medium.
Convex lens vs. Concave lens
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Ray Diagrams
I. Image is on the same side as the object.
This is the only case where the image is virtual and erect. The distance of O from the lens must be less than the focal length.
Uses for this type of lens:
- Magnifying glass
- Instrument eyepieces
- Spectacles for long-sightedness
II. Image is at Infinity.
In this situation, no localised image is formed as the rays of light do not converge. The image of the object will be located at infinity.
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III. Real, Magnified Image
The image has been magnified but has been inverted. The image in this situation is real and located on the other side of the lens than the object.
Uses for this type of lens:
- Microscope objective lens
- Projector
IV. Real, Diminished Image
The image is real, inverted and located on the other side of the object, however, the image has been diminished.
Uses for this type of lens:
- Camera
- Eyes
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V. Image forming at the focal point.
The image is real, inverted and located on the other side of the object, however, the image has been diminished. The image falls on the focal point.
Uses for this type of lens:
- Telescope
Magnification
Formula:
끫뢀끫뢆끫뢰끫뢶끫뢤끫롰끫뢤끫뢠끫뢆끫룂끫뢤끫뢴끫뢶 = 끫룆끫룆
OR
끫뢀끫뢆끫뢰끫뢶끫뢤끫롰끫뢤끫뢠끫뢆끫룂끫뢤끫뢴끫뢶 = 끫뢄끫뢞끫뢄끫룆끫롲끫뢐끫롸끫뢴끫뢴끫뢰끫룆 ℎ끫룆끫뢐끫뢰ℎ끫뢐ℎ끫룆끫뢐끫뢰ℎ끫뢐
Lens
Formula:
1 끫뢸 =
1 끫룆 +
1 끫룆
where 끫롰 = frequency 끫룄 = distance of object from lens 끫롨 = distance of image from lens
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+ =
- in phase • out of phase
- antiphase
+ =
Vibration and Waves
Formula:
끫롨 = 끫롰끫뢦
where 끫롨 = wavespeed (끫뢴끫룀−1)
끫롰 = frequency (Hz or 끫룀−1 or 1 끫뢴)
끫뢦 = wavelength (끫뢴)
Formula:
끫뢎 = 1 끫뢸
where 끫뢎 = period (끫룀) 끫롰 = frequency (끫룀−1)
Transverse Wave vs. Longitudinal Wave
Transverse Wave – particle displacement is perpendicular to the propagation of the wave
Longitudinal Wave – particle displacement is parallel to the propagation of the wave
Interference
Constructive Destructive
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compression
rarefraction
Wavelength
Definition:
Wavelength is defined as the distance between two troughs/crests.
Sound waves
Refraction
Laws:
The incident ray and the refracted ray will be on opposite sides of the normal.
Snell’s law – The sine of the angle between the ray and the normal in a particular medium is proportional to the speed of the ray in that medium.
Formula: 끫룆 1 끫뢴끫뢐끫뢐 끫븆 1 =
끫븐 2 끫뢴끫뢐끫뢐 끫븆 2
where 끫롨 1 = speed of light in medium 1 끫롨 2 = speed of light in medium 2 끫븆 1 = incident angle 끫븆 2 = refracted angle
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Static Electricity
Definition:
Static electricity is defined as electrical charges transferring from one body to the next without physical contact.
Process of Induction
Definition:
- Like charges repel expose opposite charges
- Opposite charges cause attraction.
Current Electricity
Formula:
끫뢈 = 끫롸끫룂
where
끫뢈 = charge (끫롬)
끫롸 = current (끫롨)
끫룂 = time (끫룀)
Formula:
끫뢒 = 끫롸끫뢊
where
끫뢒 = potential difference/voltage (끫뢒)
끫롸 = current (끫롨)
끫뢊 = resistance (Ω)
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Formula:
끫롰 = 끫뢈끫뢒
where
끫롰 = energy (끫롺)
끫뢈 = charge (끫롬)
끫뢒 = potential difference/voltage (끫뢒)
Additional Formula:
끫뢆 = 끫롰끫뢐
where
끫뢆 = power (끫뢔)
끫롰 = energy (끫롺)
끫룂 = time (끫룀)
“Hybrid” Formula:
끫뢆 = 끫롸끫뢒
where
끫뢆 = power (끫뢔)
끫롸 = current (끫롨)
끫뢒 = potential difference/voltage (끫뢒)
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More Formulas:
- 끫롰 = 끫뢈끫뢒 끫롰 = 끫뢈끫롸끫뢊 끫롰 = 끫롸끫뢎끫롸끫뢊 끫롰 = 끫롸 2 끫뢊끫뢎
2. 끫롰 = 끫뢒끫롸끫뢎
Resistance
Series
Formula:
끫뢊끫뢎 = 끫뢊 1 + 끫뢊 2
Parallel
Formula:
1 끫뢊끫뢎 =
1 끫뢊 1 +
1 끫뢊 2 1 끫뢊끫뢎 =
끫뢊 1 +끫뢊 2 끫뢊 1 끫뢊 2
끫뢊끫뢎 = 끫뢊끫뢊 11 +끫뢊끫뢊 22
Ohms Law
Definition:
Ohms law states that the current flowing through a conductor/circuit is directly proportional to the voltage but inversely proportional to the resistance given that all physical conditions, for example, temperature, remain constant.
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Primary Cell vs. Secondary Cell
Primary Cell Secondary Cell
− Non-rechargeable − Rechargeable − Example: dry cell − Example: lead acid
Fuse
Definition:
A fuse is a device that breaks the surface when the current exceeds the rating of the fuse.
RMS Voltage
Definition:
The term "RMS" stands for "Root-Mean-Squared", also called the effective or heating value of alternating current, is equivalent to a DC voltage that would provide the same amount of heat generation in a resistor as the AC voltage would if applied to that same resistor.
Formula:
끫뢒끫뢊끫뢊끫뢊 = 0 × 끫뢒끫뢄끫룆끫뢴끫뢰
Types of Wires
- Ground – Green or Green/Yellow
- Neutral – Blue
- Live – Brown
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Symbols for Logic Gates
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Electro-magnetism
Definition of a Magnetic Field:
A magnetic field is the region in which a body experiences a force due to its magnetic polarity.
Important diagrams to know:
- Field of a straight current carrying conductor.
Note:
× means into the plane of the paper.
⃝ means out of the plane of the paper.
- Right hand Grip for determining field direction.
∙
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Magnetic Field of a solenoid
Flemmings Left Hand Rule
Flemmings Right Hand Rule
Use for MOTORS
- To determine the thrust/motion created in the motor effect.
Use for GENERATORS -To determine the direction of the induced current.
Thumb – Motion/Thrust
Index – Magnetic Field
Middle Finger – Current
Middle Finger – Induced Current
Index – Magnetic Field
Thumb – Motion/Thrust
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Motor diagram
Generator diagram
To increase the current generated in a Generator,
- Spin the coil faster.
- Put more turns on the armature (coil).
- Use a stronger magnet.
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For an ideal transformer
The voltage ratio is equal to the turns ratio and the power in equals the power out.
Formulas:
- 끫뢒끫뢒끫뢺끫룀 = 끫뢂끫뢂끫룀끫뢺
• 끫롸 끫롸끫뢺끫룀 = 끫뢂 끫뢂끫뢺끫룀
• 끫뢆끫뢴끫뢆끫뢤끫롲끫뢄 = 끫뢆끫뢴끫뢆끫뢤끫롲끫뢴
• 끫롸끫뢄끫롸끫뢄 = 끫롸끫뢴끫뢒끫뢴
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Radioactive Decay
Radiation Symbol Mass Penetrating Power
Ionizing Power
Shielding
Alpha α 4 amu Very Low Very High Paper Beta β 1/2000 amu Intermediate Intermediate Aluminum Gamma γ 0 (electromagneticradiation) Very High Very Low 2 inches ofLead
amu – atomic mass units
Alpha Decay
Example:
23892 U → 24 He + 23490 Th
- The atom loses two protons and two neutrons in the form of an alpha particle.
- The Alpha Particle is a Helium Nuclei
Beta Decay
Example:
23490 Th → −1 0 e + 23491 Pa
- The nucleus of the atom undergoes a change where one neutron changes to a proton and a Beta-Particle is emitted.
- The Beta Particle is a fast-moving electron.
Gamma Decay
Emitted is Gamma Radiation. That is - High Frequency Electromagnetic radiation.
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Half life
Definition:
The time taken for the radioactivity of a specified isotope to fall to half its original value.
Physics Formula Booklet By Kerwin Springer 1
Course: Physical Chemistry 1 (CHEM 2370)
University: The University of the West Indies St. Augustine
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