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BMS107- Vertebrae Form and Function - full notes

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Foundations of Vertebrate Form and Function (BMS107)

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Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Vertebrate body plan Basic vertebrate body plan - multicellular  Externally, cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF), which provides an exchange medium  Internally, the cell is divided into cytoplasm and the nucleus  In turn, the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (fluid part) and the organelles (control cell functions)  Critical factor in determining cell size is surface area (plasma membrane):volume ratio  As cell becomes larger - volume increases at greater rate than SA (plasma membrane) until upper limit on size is reached - influences cell function and survival  Cell size and shape ultimately related to function Basic vertebrate body plan - bilateral symmetry The entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts are known as its body plan. - A fundamental aspect is symmetry Basic vertebrate body plan - triploblastic Process by which layers of tissue (germ layers) form in the blastocyst and take specific positions relative to each other in the body The close relationship of these layers allows exchange of signals (e. growth factors) among tissues that trigger cell differentiation and organ formation During gastrulation, the body forms three germ layers (triploblastic) Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells During development a (single-cell) zygote changes into a multicellular being Triploblastic animals Different organs/structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis Basic vertebrate body plan - Coelom Animals having a coelom (body cavity) form two major lines Protostomes and Dueterostomes - The difference lies between how the GI tract forms within the embryo. Coelomate animals have a body cavity that develops within the embryonic mesoderm Vertebrates have a coelom (‘tube-within-a-tube body plan’) Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Vertebrate body plan Basic vertebrate body plan - multicellular  Externally, cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF), which provides an exchange medium  Internally, the cell is divided into cytoplasm and the nucleus  In turn, the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (fluid part) and the organelles (control cell functions)  Critical factor in determining cell size is surface area (plasma membrane):volume ratio  As cell becomes larger - volume increases at greater rate than SA (plasma membrane) until upper limit on size is reached - influences cell function and survival  Cell size and shape ultimately related to function Basic vertebrate body plan - bilateral symmetry The entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts are known as its body plan. - A fundamental aspect is symmetry Basic vertebrate body plan - triploblastic Process by which layers of tissue (germ layers) form in the blastocyst and take specific positions relative to each other in the body The close relationship of these layers allows exchange of signals (e. growth factors) among tissues that trigger cell differentiation and organ formation During gastrulation, the body forms three germ layers (triploblastic) Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells During development a (single-cell) zygote changes into a multicellular being Triploblastic animals Different organs/structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis Basic vertebrate body plan - Coelom Animals having a coelom (body cavity) form two major lines Protostomes and Dueterostomes - The difference lies between how the GI tract forms within the embryo. Coelomate animals have a body cavity that develops within the embryonic mesoderm Vertebrates have a coelom (‘tube-within-a-tube body plan’) Vertebrates have  Backbone  an endoskeleton – paired limbs, cranium  Complex organ systems – e. a closed circulatory system Shared characteristics of Chordata 3 subphyla: 1. Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts) 2. Cephalochordata (lancelets) 3. Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Shared characteristics of vertebrates  Vertebrates distinguished from other chordates by vertebral column (backbone)  Develops around notochord, eventually replacing it during development  Cartilaginous/bony segments - vertebrae  Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord, and anteriorly, a cranium (braincase) encloses brain Vertebrate evolution Live in many diverse habitats with wide array of behaviours and body forms to enable survival Consequently, have evolved many adaptations to enable life in wide array of environments:  Develop new ways of capturing and processing food  Have a unique body plan (internal dorsal supporting structure)  Able to breathe air Levels of structural organisation 10 ORGAN SYSTEMS some organs perform functions integral to more than one system e. pancreas has exocrine and endocrine function ORGANS 2 or more tissue types working together to perform a function e. pancreas TISSUES 200+ cell types grouped under 4 tissue types Epithelial, neural, muscle, connective 10 major organ systems in a vertebrate Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Vertebrate body plan Basic vertebrate body plan - multicellular  Externally, cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF), which provides an exchange medium  Internally, the cell is divided into cytoplasm and the nucleus  In turn, the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (fluid part) and the organelles (control cell functions)  Critical factor in determining cell size is surface area (plasma membrane):volume ratio  As cell becomes larger - volume increases at greater rate than SA (plasma membrane) until upper limit on size is reached - influences cell function and survival  Cell size and shape ultimately related to function Basic vertebrate body plan - bilateral symmetry The entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts are known as its body plan. - A fundamental aspect is symmetry Basic vertebrate body plan - triploblastic Process by which layers of tissue (germ layers) form in the blastocyst and take specific positions relative to each other in the body The close relationship of these layers allows exchange of signals (e. growth factors) among tissues that trigger cell differentiation and organ formation During gastrulation, the body forms three germ layers (triploblastic) Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells During development a (single-cell) zygote changes into a multicellular being Triploblastic animals Different organs/structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis Basic vertebrate body plan - Coelom Animals having a coelom (body cavity) form two major lines Protostomes and Dueterostomes - The difference lies between how the GI tract forms within the embryo. Coelomate animals have a body cavity that develops within the embryonic mesoderm Vertebrates have a coelom (‘tube-within-a-tube body plan’) Vertebrates have  Backbone  an endoskeleton – paired limbs, cranium  Complex organ systems – e. a closed circulatory system Shared characteristics of Chordata 3 subphyla: 1. Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts) 2. Cephalochordata (lancelets) 3. Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Shared characteristics of vertebrates  Vertebrates distinguished from other chordates by vertebral column (backbone)  Develops around notochord, eventually replacing it during development  Cartilaginous/bony segments - vertebrae  Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord, and anteriorly, a cranium (braincase) encloses brain Vertebrate evolution Live in many diverse habitats with wide array of behaviours and body forms to enable survival Consequently, have evolved many adaptations to enable life in wide array of environments:  Develop new ways of capturing and processing food  Have a unique body plan (internal dorsal supporting structure)  Able to breathe air Levels of structural organisation 10 ORGAN SYSTEMS some organs perform functions integral to more than one system e. pancreas has exocrine and endocrine function ORGANS 2 or more tissue types working together to perform a function e. pancreas TISSUES 200+ cell types grouped under 4 tissue types Epithelial, neural, muscle, connective 10 major organ systems in a vertebrate Organ systems 1. Integumentary system External body covering (skin)  protects deeper tissues from external environment, i. physiological shock, dehydration, injury, heat, light radiation, chemical agents, microorganisms Plays an immunological role Excretion Secretes hormones &amp;amp;amp; enzymes  synthesises Vitamin D Alerts the body of danger  site of cutaneous (pain, pressure etc.) receptors Thermoregulation  adipose tissue, fur that may be erected, sweat glands, change blood flow Organ systems 2. Musculoskeletal system  skeletal muscles, bones  protects and supports body organs  provides framework that muscles use to cause movement  blood cells formed within bones  mineral storage, i. Ca, P  maintains posture  aids cardiovascular &amp;amp;amp; lymphatic system  produces heat Organ systems 3. Endocrine system endocrine glands manufacture and (or) secrete hormones into bloodstream Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Vertebrate body plan Basic vertebrate body plan - multicellular  Externally, cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF), which provides an exchange medium  Internally, the cell is divided into cytoplasm and the nucleus  In turn, the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (fluid part) and the organelles (control cell functions)  Critical factor in determining cell size is surface area (plasma membrane):volume ratio  As cell becomes larger - volume increases at greater rate than SA (plasma membrane) until upper limit on size is reached - influences cell function and survival  Cell size and shape ultimately related to function Basic vertebrate body plan - bilateral symmetry The entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts are known as its body plan. - A fundamental aspect is symmetry Basic vertebrate body plan - triploblastic Process by which layers of tissue (germ layers) form in the blastocyst and take specific positions relative to each other in the body The close relationship of these layers allows exchange of signals (e. growth factors) among tissues that trigger cell differentiation and organ formation During gastrulation, the body forms three germ layers (triploblastic) Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells During development a (single-cell) zygote changes into a multicellular being Triploblastic animals Different organs/structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis Basic vertebrate body plan - Coelom Animals having a coelom (body cavity) form two major lines Protostomes and Dueterostomes - The difference lies between how the GI tract forms within the embryo. Coelomate animals have a body cavity that develops within the embryonic mesoderm Vertebrates have a coelom (‘tube-within-a-tube body plan’) Vertebrates have  Backbone  an endoskeleton – paired limbs, cranium  Complex organ systems – e. a closed circulatory system Shared characteristics of Chordata 3 subphyla: 1. Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts) 2. Cephalochordata (lancelets) 3. Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Shared characteristics of vertebrates  Vertebrates distinguished from other chordates by vertebral column (backbone)  Develops around notochord, eventually replacing it during development  Cartilaginous/bony segments - vertebrae  Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord, and anteriorly, a cranium (braincase) encloses brain Vertebrate evolution Live in many diverse habitats with wide array of behaviours and body forms to enable survival Consequently, have evolved many adaptations to enable life in wide array of environments:  Develop new ways of capturing and processing food  Have a unique body plan (internal dorsal supporting structure)  Able to breathe air Levels of structural organisation 10 ORGAN SYSTEMS some organs perform functions integral to more than one system e. pancreas has exocrine and endocrine function ORGANS 2 or more tissue types working together to perform a function e. pancreas TISSUES 200+ cell types grouped under 4 tissue types Epithelial, neural, muscle, connective 10 major organ systems in a vertebrate Organ systems 1. Integumentary system External body covering (skin)  protects deeper tissues from external environment, i. physiological shock, dehydration, injury, heat, light radiation, chemical agents, microorganisms Plays an immunological role Excretion Secretes hormones &amp;amp;amp; enzymes  synthesises Vitamin D Alerts the body of danger  site of cutaneous (pain, pressure etc.) receptors Thermoregulation  adipose tissue, fur that may be erected, sweat glands, change blood flow Organ systems 2. Musculoskeletal system  skeletal muscles, bones  protects and supports body organs  provides framework that muscles use to cause movement  blood cells formed within bones  mineral storage, i. Ca, P  maintains posture  aids cardiovascular &amp;amp;amp; lymphatic system  produces heat Organ systems 3. Endocrine system endocrine glands manufacture and (or) secrete hormones into bloodstream e. adrenal glands, pituitary glands, gonads hormones regulate virtually ALL body processes, e. growth, reproduction, metabolism Organ systems 4. Nervous system brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves fast-acting control system of body responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands coordination of body function via electrical signals and regulatory messengers Organ systems 5. Immune system Immune system positioned to intercept material that enters through exchange surfaces  e. lungs and gut  thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, specialised cells (e. in gut) FUNCTIONS:  disposes of debris into lymphatic system  houses white blood cells involved in immunity  mounting of immune responses  protects us against infections viruses, bacteria and parasites causing infectious diseases  Ensures normal physiological function of other systems Organ systems 6. Cardiovascular system heart, blood vessels, blood  blood vessels transport blood  transports gases (e. O2, CO2), nutrients (e. glucose, amino acids, fats), wastes (e. urea, toxins) to and from cells  heart pumps blood around the body via arterial and venous systems Lymphatic system – picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, returns to cardiovascular system Organ Systems 4 systems exchange material between external and internal environments respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, reproductive Major organs of these systems are ‘hollow’ and lined with epithelium (or epithelia) (smooth muscle MESODERM) Interior spaces (‘lumens’) are essentially extensions of external environment Material entering a lumen is not part of internal environment until it is absorbed Organ systems 7. Respiratory system  lungs, airways  keeps blood constantly supplied with atmospheric O2 (via arterial system) and removes CO2 (via venous system)  gaseous exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs Organ systems 8. Urinary system Kidneys, bladder, ducts Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body e. urea Regulates H2O, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood Organ systems 9. Gastrointestinal system Stomach(s), intestines, etc. - extension of the external environment Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Vertebrate body plan Basic vertebrate body plan - multicellular  Externally, cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF), which provides an exchange medium  Internally, the cell is divided into cytoplasm and the nucleus  In turn, the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (fluid part) and the organelles (control cell functions)  Critical factor in determining cell size is surface area (plasma membrane):volume ratio  As cell becomes larger - volume increases at greater rate than SA (plasma membrane) until upper limit on size is reached - influences cell function and survival  Cell size and shape ultimately related to function Basic vertebrate body plan - bilateral symmetry The entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts are known as its body plan. - A fundamental aspect is symmetry Basic vertebrate body plan - triploblastic Process by which layers of tissue (germ layers) form in the blastocyst and take specific positions relative to each other in the body The close relationship of these layers allows exchange of signals (e. growth factors) among tissues that trigger cell differentiation and organ formation During gastrulation, the body forms three germ layers (triploblastic) Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells During development a (single-cell) zygote changes into a multicellular being Triploblastic animals Different organs/structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis Basic vertebrate body plan - Coelom Animals having a coelom (body cavity) form two major lines Protostomes and Dueterostomes - The difference lies between how the GI tract forms within the embryo. Coelomate animals have a body cavity that develops within the embryonic mesoderm Vertebrates have a coelom (‘tube-within-a-tube body plan’) Vertebrates have  Backbone  an endoskeleton – paired limbs, cranium  Complex organ systems – e. a closed circulatory system Shared characteristics of Chordata 3 subphyla: 1. Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts) 2. Cephalochordata (lancelets) 3. Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Shared characteristics of vertebrates  Vertebrates distinguished from other chordates by vertebral column (backbone)  Develops around notochord, eventually replacing it during development  Cartilaginous/bony segments - vertebrae  Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord, and anteriorly, a cranium (braincase) encloses brain Vertebrate evolution Live in many diverse habitats with wide array of behaviours and body forms to enable survival Consequently, have evolved many adaptations to enable life in wide array of environments:  Develop new ways of capturing and processing food  Have a unique body plan (internal dorsal supporting structure)  Able to breathe air Levels of structural organisation 10 ORGAN SYSTEMS some organs perform functions integral to more than one system e. pancreas has exocrine and endocrine function ORGANS 2 or more tissue types working together to perform a function e. pancreas TISSUES 200+ cell types grouped under 4 tissue types Epithelial, neural, muscle, connective 10 major organ systems in a vertebrate Organ systems 1. Integumentary system External body covering (skin)  protects deeper tissues from external environment, i. physiological shock, dehydration, injury, heat, light radiation, chemical agents, microorganisms Plays an immunological role Excretion Secretes hormones &amp;amp;amp; enzymes  synthesises Vitamin D Alerts the body of danger  site of cutaneous (pain, pressure etc.) receptors Thermoregulation  adipose tissue, fur that may be erected, sweat glands, change blood flow Organ systems 2. Musculoskeletal system  skeletal muscles, bones  protects and supports body organs  provides framework that muscles use to cause movement  blood cells formed within bones  mineral storage, i. Ca, P  maintains posture  aids cardiovascular &amp;amp;amp; lymphatic system  produces heat Organ systems 3. Endocrine system endocrine glands manufacture and (or) secrete hormones into bloodstream e. adrenal glands, pituitary glands, gonads hormones regulate virtually ALL body processes, e. growth, reproduction, metabolism Organ systems 4. Nervous system brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves fast-acting control system of body responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands coordination of body function via electrical signals and regulatory messengers Organ systems 5. Immune system Immune system positioned to intercept material that enters through exchange surfaces  e. lungs and gut  thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, specialised cells (e. in gut) FUNCTIONS:  disposes of debris into lymphatic system  houses white blood cells involved in immunity  mounting of immune responses  protects us against infections viruses, bacteria and parasites causing infectious diseases  Ensures normal physiological function of other systems Organ systems 6. Cardiovascular system heart, blood vessels, blood  blood vessels transport blood  transports gases (e. O2, CO2), nutrients (e. glucose, amino acids, fats), wastes (e. urea, toxins) to and from cells  heart pumps blood around the body via arterial and venous systems Lymphatic system – picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, returns to cardiovascular system Organ Systems 4 systems exchange material between external and internal environments respiratory, urinary, gastrointestinal, reproductive Major organs of these systems are ‘hollow’ and lined with epithelium (or epithelia) (smooth muscle MESODERM) Interior spaces (‘lumens’) are essentially extensions of external environment Material entering a lumen is not part of internal environment until it is absorbed Organ systems 7. Respiratory system  lungs, airways  keeps blood constantly supplied with atmospheric O2 (via arterial system) and removes CO2 (via venous system)  gaseous exchange occurs through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs Organ systems 8. Urinary system Kidneys, bladder, ducts Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from body e. urea Regulates H2O, electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood Organ systems 9. Gastrointestinal system Stomach(s), intestines, etc. - extension of the external environment Breaks ingested food down into absorbable units - mechanical and chemical digestion Absorb nutrients  nutrients (sugars, amino acids and fats), vitamins, minerals and H2O enter blood for distribution to cells Indigestible feedstuffs eliminated via faeces Organ systems 10. Reproductive system Overall function -&amp;amp;gt; production of offspring and perpetuation of species  testes - sperm production, male sex hormones  penis and accessory glands  ovaries - egg production, female sex hormones  uterus - implantation, foetus development  mammary glands - site of milk production What is a vertebrate Define systematics and taxonomy systematics- the study of the diversity of organisms and their natural relationships taxonomy- the study of the theory, practice and rules of classification of the living and extinct organisms Origins and application of the Linnaean classification system Biological classification by Carl Linnaeus. There are 3 kingdoms, divided into classes, then into orders, families, genus and species Shared characteristics of the chordates -bilaterally symmertrical -pharyngeal slits -dorsal, hollow tubular nerve chord -dorsal supporting rod -ventral heart Learning Objectives Wednesday, 20 September 2017 8:21 PM Foundations of vertebrate form and function LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES Define physiology. The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all physical and chemical processes). Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur. TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM, ENDODERM AND MESODERM. Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers during organogenesis. COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm. 'Tube-within-a-tube'. Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body. 1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective. 2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function. 3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular system INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary movement and locomotion. ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones. NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters. IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells. CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream. RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food. Assimilation. REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring. LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features  A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar) tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.  Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment. Introduction to Vertebrates Monday, 31 July 2017 7:38 PM This is a comparative course, so it is NOT designed for any specific degree or programme of study Students from ~30 different courses do BMS107 material will not ALL be applicable to your chosen course (wide mix of human and animal) Material underpins physiological principles of body systems that will have relevance in units you undertake in later years Assessments a) Three Quizzes – 15%  Via LMS  Each will only be open for one week  You will have ONE HOUR to complete the quiz, once you have opened it b) Practical Test - 20% of final grade  Multiple-choice/short-answer exam in examination week  Based on ALL practical sessions during Semester c) Theory Examinations - 65% of final grade  Mid-semester theory examination on 21 September = 25% of final grade  End-of-semester examination during formal University exam period = 40% of final grade (all material) Learning Objectives Define physiology Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a coelom. Describe the ‘levels’ of organisation found in the vertebrate body. Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate, and provide an example for that particular system. Recognise the differences between systems that exchange material between the internal and external environments. Understand that a single layer of epithelial tissue separates the interior environment and the exterior environment of a vertebrate. What is physiology? Physiology is the study of ‘how animals work’ (Knut Schmidt-Nielsen) The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all physical &amp;amp;amp; chemical processes Physiological processes:  obey physical and chemical laws  are regulated to maintain internal conditions within acceptable ranges The physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype (which arises as the product of its genetic makeup = genotype) which is in turn influenced by natural selection over many generations Vertebrate anatomy and physiology are linked Physiology (function) and Anatomy (structure) cannot be truly separated, however, because: The function of a tissue or organ is closely tied to its structure; and The structure of an organism has (presumably) evolved to provide an efficient physical base for its function e. feathers - numerous (different) functions - thermoregulation, lubrication in water, aerodynamic contouring of body, signalling (courtship) Vertebrate body plan Basic vertebrate body plan - multicellular  Externally, cells are surrounded by the extracellular fluid (ECF), which provides an exchange medium  Internally, the cell is divided into cytoplasm and the nucleus  In turn, the cytoplasm consists of the cytosol (fluid part) and the organelles (control cell functions)  Critical factor in determining cell size is surface area (plasma membrane):volume ratio  As cell becomes larger - volume increases at greater rate than SA (plasma membrane) until upper limit on size is reached - influences cell function and survival  Cell size and shape ultimately related to function Basic vertebrate body plan - bilateral symmetry The entire structure of an animal, its organ systems, and the integrated functioning of its parts are known as its body plan. - A fundamental aspect is symmetry Basic vertebrate body plan - triploblastic Process by which layers of tissue (germ layers) form in the blastocyst and take specific positions relative to each other in the body The close relationship of these layers allows exchange of signals (e. growth factors) among tissues that trigger cell differentiation and organ formation During gastrulation, the body forms three germ layers (triploblastic) Cleavage partitions the cytoplasm of one large cell into many smaller cells During development a (single-cell) zygote changes into a multicellular being Triploblastic animals Different organs/structures are derived from the three embryonic germ layers during organogenesis Basic vertebrate body plan - Coelom Animals having a coelom (body cavity) form two major lines Protostomes and Dueterostomes - The difference lies between how the GI tract forms within the embryo. Coelomate animals have a body cavity that develops within the embryonic mesoderm Vertebrates have a coelom (‘tube-within-a-tube body plan’) Vertebrates have  Backbone  an endoskeleton – paired limbs, cranium  Complex organ systems – e. a closed circulatory system Shared characteristics of Chordata 3 subphyla: 1. Urochordata (tunicates or sea squirts) 2. Cephalochordata (lancelets) 3. Vertebrata (animals with backbones) Shared characteristics of vertebrates  Vertebrates distinguished from other chordates by vertebral column (backbone)  Develops around notochord, eventually replacing it during development  Cartilaginous/bony segments - vertebrae  Dorsal projections of vertebrae enclose nerve cord, and anteriorly, a cranium (braincase) encloses brain Vertebrate evolution Live in many diverse habitats with wide array of behaviours and body forms to enable survival Consequently, have evolved many adaptations to enable life in wide array of environments:  Develop new ways of capturing and processing food  Have a unique body plan (internal dorsal supporting structure)  Able to breathe air Levels of structural organisation 10 ORGAN SYSTEMS some organs perform functions integral to more than one system e. pancreas has exocrine and endocrine function ORGANS 2 or more tissue types working together to perform a function e. pancreas TISSUES 200+ cell types grouped under 4 tissue types Epithelial, neural, muscle, connective 10 major organ systems in a vertebrate Organ systems 1. Integumentary system External body covering (skin)  protects deeper tissues from external environment, i. physiological shock, dehydration, injury, heat, light radiation, chemical agents, microorganisms Plays an immunological role Excretion Secretes hormones &amp;amp;amp; enzymes  synthesises Vitamin D Alerts the body of danger  site of cutaneous (pain, pressure etc.) receptors Thermoregulation  adipose tissue, fur that may be erected, sweat glands, change blood flow Organ systems 2. Musculoskeletal system  skeletal muscles, bones  protects and supports body organs  provides framework that muscles use to cause movement  blood cells formed within bones  mineral storage, i. Ca, P  maintains posture  aids cardiovascular &amp;amp;amp; lymphatic system  produces heat Organ systems 3. Endocrine system endocrine glands manufacture and (or) secrete hormones into bloodstream e. adrenal glands, pituitary glands, gonads hormones regulate virtually ALL body processes, e. growth, reproducti

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BMS107- Vertebrae Form and Function - full notes

Course: Foundations of Vertebrate Form and Function (BMS107)

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Learning Objectives

Wednesday, 20 September 2017

8:21 PM

Foundations of vertebrate form and function

LECTURE: INTRODUCTION TO VERTEBRATES

Define physiology.

The study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts (including all

physical and chemical processes).

Explain the following features of vertebrate body plan: symmetry, triploblastic development and a

coelom.

SYMMETRY: All vertebrates are bilaterally symmetrical with two pairs of appendages. (Traditionally

bilateral symmetry however, radial symmetry can also occur.

TRIPLOBLASTIC DEVELOPMENT: Refers to the body forming three germ layers - ECTODERM,

ENDODERM AND MESODERM.

Occurs during gastrulation and results in different organs being derived from the three germ layers

during organogenesis.

COELOM: Vertebrates have a body cavity (coelom) that develops within the embryonic mesoderm.

'Tube-within-a-tube'.

Describe the 'levels' of organisation found in the vertebrate body.

1. Tissues - 4 types - epithelial, neural, muscle, connective.

2. Organs - 2 or more tissue types in combination performing a specified function.

3. Organ systems - organs performing their functions in a uniform and cooperative manner.

Name the 10 organ systems within any vertebrate and provide an example for that particular

system

INTEGUMENTARY: Skin - protection from the external environment

MUSCULOSKELETAL: Skeletal muscle, bone and ligament - support of the body, allows voluntary

movement and locomotion.

ENDOCRINE: Hypothalamus, thymus - release of hormones.

NERVOUS: Brain, spinal cord - Transmission of electrical impulses and release of neurotransmitters.

IMMUNE: White blood cells, lymph nodes - defend against pathogens and abnormal cells.

CARDIOVASCULAR: Heart, blood vessels - transportation of molecules via the blood stream.

RESPIRATORY: Lungs, trachea - bring in oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide.

GASTROINTESTINAL: Mouth, stomach, intestines, pancreas - break down/absorption of food.

Assimilation.

REPRODUCTION: Gonads, reproductive tract - produce offspring.

LECTURE: BODY COMPOSITION AND CELL MEMBRANES

Describe the structure of a cell membrane and it's major features

A thin phospholipid bilayer with a hydrophilic (polar) heads and hydrophobic (non-polar)

tails. Other lipids and proteins are inserted within the membrane - which can move laterally in

the membrane generating a dynamic and fluid structure - hence fluid mosaic model.

Creates a barrier between the internal and external environment.

Introduction to Vertebrates

Monday, 31 July 2017