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MRSC1060 Final Exam cheatsheet
Course: Medical Radiation Science (MRSC1060)
15 Documents
Students shared 15 documents in this course
University: University of Newcastle (Australia)
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Week 1 - Medical Terminology
Week 2 – Fitness to Practice – Key elements of fitness to practice must include competence, professionalism, including a sense of
responsibility and accountability, self-awareness & professional values, sound mental health & the capacity to maintain health & wellbeing for
practice. When we say that a registrant is ‘fit to practice’ we mean that they have the skills, knowledge & character to practice their profession
safely & effectively. 3 overall categories that encompass FTP : (1) Clinical competence, (2) Professional conduct & behaviour, & (3) Freedom
from impairment. AHPRA Notifications (complaints) (Mandatory notification) - Any member of the public can make a formal complaint
regarding a registered health professional (includes students). All
registered health professionals & employers have an OBLIGATION to
report to AHPRA if they feel another practitioner has engaged in
“notifiable conduct”. Aim of the mandatory notification requirements is to
prevent the public from being placed at risk of harm. Complaints can be
about the health, performance or conduct of a registered health
practitioner or student & might include concerns that: a practitioner is
practising unsafely (performance), behaving in a way that might place the
public at risk (conduct) or has a health impairment that might make them a risk to their patients or public. Patient Advocacy – Advocate on behalf of patient/client,
when appropriate within context of the practitioner’s particular division of registration. Demonstrate understanding of the principles of patient/client. Advocacy and
their application to the medical radiation practice. Recognise when it may be appropriate to intervene on the patient’s/client’s behalf. Advise other members of the
healthcare team about the suitability and application of the proposed medical radiation procedure, when appropriate. What is it? – A person who represents and campaigns
for the interests of patients within a health-care system. Should include ALL health professionals. Professional advocates – employed by hospitals, private companies,
organisations to advise and support patients. Patient advocates give a voice to patients, survivors and their carers on healthcare-related issues. They provide information
for the public, the political and regulatory world, health-care providers (hospitals, insurers, pharmaceutical companies etc.), organizations of health-care professionals, the
educational world, and the medical and pharmaceutical research communities. Principles of advocacy may include: supporting and promoting the rights and interests of
individuals, assisting individuals to achieve or maintain their rights and representing their needs. Promotes patient-centred care. Advocacy strategies include : representing the
consumer, supporting the consumer to represent their own interests and ensuring people are empowered to voice their perspectives. Advocacy in MRS – In MRS, advising on
the suitability and application of procedures requires an understanding of the relative radiation risks and benefits to patients of the modalities/treatments used within the
medical radiation practitioner’s specific division of registration. MRS practitioners MUST advocate for their patients in terms of radiation use and radiation safety. RT and NM –
provide patient with support and information to better understand the procedures. Radiology – CT – balance radiation protection and diagnostic utility. ASMIRT (Aus society of
medical imaging & RT) – our mission is to empower medical radiation practitioners for the health of all Australians. SNMMI (Nuc med molecular imaging) – Radiation
Oncology Targeting Cancer – aims to increase awareness of radiation therapy as an effective, safe & sophisticated treatment for cancer. The Image Gently Alliance – the
mission is through advocacy to improve safe & effective imaging care of children worldwide. Focusing on CT use in children. Week 3 – Risk Assessment & management –
Workplace fataliites 2016 – QLD 45 (1.9), NSW 53(1.4), ACT 31 (1.0), SA 21 (2.6), WA 20 (1.5), NT 5 (3.8) = 182 (1.5) Work-related traumatic injury fatalities – In 2018, 152
Australian workers fatalities. As at 24 Jan 2019, there have been 5 Australian workers killed at work. 50% of worker fatalities occurred within the Transport, Postal and
Warehousing and Agriculture, Forestry and Fishing industry. Work related injuries – Body stressing 39.3, falls trips & slips 23, being hit by moving object 15.4, hitting objects
with a part of the body 7.4, mental stress 5.8, other mechanisms of incident 4.1, vehicle incidents 2.4, heat electricity & other enviro factors 1.5, chemicals & other substances
0.8, biological factors 0.3. Types of injuries – Traumatic joint/ligament & muscle/tendon injury 43, wounds lacerations amputations & internal organ damage 16, musculoskeletal & connective tissue diseases 15, fractures 10, mental
disorders 6, other injuries 3, digestive system 2, burn 2, nervous system & sense organ 1, intracranial 1. Injuries occur at all workplaces – Labourers 17.7 serious claims per million hours worked. Machinery operators & drivers 11.1
serious claims per million hours worked. Community & personal service workers 10.7 serious claims per million hours worked. Technicians/trade 18, clerical/admin 5, community/personal service 16, labourers 25, machinery
operators/drivers 14, managers 4, professionals 9, sales 6. Cost of work-related injuries -Fatality 4.1 bill, long absence 6.5, full incapacity 3.7, short absence 1.2, partial incapacity 46.2. Duty of care – responsibility of employers and
employees. Work, health & safety – To secure & protect the health, safety & welfare of ALL people in the workplace. State insurance regulatory authority (SIRA) – insurance regulatory for NSW, workers comp, motor accident comp,
home building comp. iCARE (insurance & care NSW ) – delivered to ppl of NSW under NSW workers comp scheme. Severely injured (workplace or road), support long-term care needs, help ppl return to work. Legislation – WHS act
2011 – provides a balanced & nationally consistent framework to secure the health & safety of workers & workplace (duty of care), WHS Regulations 2017 – support the duties in WHS Act 2011, Codes of Practice – provides detailed
information on how to achieve the standard required under the WHS laws, Australia/New Zealand Standards – developed independently, publish technical & commercial standards – were referred to in Act, participants must comply.
Notifiable Accidents – the death of a person, a serious injury or illness or a dangerous incident arising out of the conduct of a business or undertaking at a workplace. Notifiable incidents may relate to any person (whether an
employee, contractor or member of the public, serious injury or illness or only the most serious health or safety incidents are notifiable and only if they are work-related. Work, Health & Safety Law – a notifiable incident to be reported
to the regulator immediately after becoming aware it has happened, if the regulator asks and within 48 hours of the request, the incident site to be preserved until an inspector arrives or directs otherwise (subject to some exceptions)
and failing to report a notifiable incident is an offence & penalties apply. What is a Hazard/Risk? Hazard refers to a situation or thing that has the potential to harm a person. Hazards at work may include noisy machinery, a moving
forklift, chemicals, electricity, working at heights, a repetitive job, bullying & violence at the workplace. Risk is the possibility that harm (death, injury or illness) might occur when exposed to a hazard. Risk Control is taking action to
eliminate health & safety risks so far as reasonably practicable, & if that is not possible, minimising them so far as is reasonably practicable. Eliminating a hazard will also eliminate any risks associated with that hazard. Risk
Management is proactive process that helps you respond to change & facilitate continuous improvement. It should be planned, systematic & cover all reasonable foreseeable hazards & associated risks. Identifying hazards at the
workplace – Involves finding things and situations that could potentially cause harm to people. Hazards generally arise from the following aspects of work and their interaction, including: physical work environment, equipment,
materials and substances used, work tasks and how they are performed, work design and management. Some hazards are part of the work process such as mechanical hazards, noise or toxic properties of substances. Other hazards
result from equipment or machine failures and misuse, chemical spills and structural failures. A piece of plant, substance or a work process may have many different hazards. Each of these hazards needs to be identified. For example,
a production line may have dangerous moving parts, noise, hazards associated with manual tasks and psychological hazards due to the pace of work. Risk Assessment – involves considering what could happen if someone is
exposed to a hazard & the likelihood of it happening. Carrying out a risk assessment can help you evaluate the potential risks that may be involved in an activity or undertaking. A risk assessment can help determine: how severe a risk
is, whether any existing control measures are effective, what action you should take to control the risk & how urgently the action needs to be taken. A risk assessment should be done when: there is uncertainty about how a hazard
may result in injury or illness, the work activity involves a number of different hazards & there is a lack of understanding about how the hazards may interact with each other to produce new or greater risks. Changes at the workplace
occur that may impact on the effectiveness of control measures. A risk assessment is mandatory for high risk activities such as entry into confined spaces, diving work & live electrical work. Controlling the Risk – once the hazards &
their risks are known, controls need to be put in place: under the model WHS Act, the best control measure involves eliminating the minimise risks, so far as is reasonably practicable. When determining the most suitable controls, you
must consider various options & choose the control/s that most effectively eliminates the hazard or minimise the risk in the circumstances. This can be a single control, or it could be a combination of different controls that together
provide the highest level of protection that is reasonably practicable. Some problems can be fixed easily and should be done straight away, while others will need more effort & planning to resolve. Of those requiring more effort, you
should prioritise areas for action, focusing first on those hazards with the highest level of risk. Deciding what is reasonably practicable – to protect people from harm requires taking into account & weighing up all relevant matters
including: the likelihood of the hazard or risk occurring, the degree of harm that might result from the hazard or the risk, knowledge about the hazard or risk, ways of eliminating or minimising the risk, the availability & suitability of ways
to eliminate or minimise the risk, it is only after you’ve assessed the extent of the risk & the available ways of eliminating or minimising it, that you should consider associated costs, including whether they are grossly disproportionate
to the risk. Reviewing & Monitoring – when the control measure is not effective in controlling the risk, health & safety representative requests a review, you may use the same methods as in the initial hazard identification step to check
controls, are safety procedures being followed? Have all hazards been identified? Has instruction & training provided to workers on how to work safely been successful? Benefits of Risk Management – prevent & reduce the number
and severity of workplace injuries, illnesses & associated costs, promote worker health, wellbeing & capacity to work, foster innovation, quality & efficiency through continuous improvement. Consultation at the workplace – Consulting
workers and their health and safety representatives is required at each step of the health and safety risk management process, by drawing on the experience, knowledge and ideas of workers, you are more likely to identify all hazards
and choose effective control measures, workers should be encouraged to report any hazards and health and safety problems immediately so that risks can be managed before an incident occurs, if there is a health and safety
committee for the workplace, it should also be engaged in the health and safety risk management process. When a worker sustains and injury - you must tell your employer that you have a work-related injury as soon as possible after
it occurs, if you become injured or ill at work, your employer must provide first aid (where appropriate) and you must seek medical treatment (if required), your employer must provide you with their insurer’s details, your employer is to
notify the insurer about the incident within 48 hours, but you or your representative may also inform the insurer, insurer will contact you – develop an injury management plan, discuss medical support, you are eligible for weekly
payments while you are off work. Employers Responsibility - provide first aid and make sure the injured person gets the right care, notify the claims provider, of your insurer of any injury or illness within the first 48 hours, record the
injury in the register of injuries, maintain contact with the injured worker and support the injured worker to recover at work, notify SafeWork NSW if it is a ‘notifiable’ injury, focus on recovery and aim to stay at work in some capacity, or
return to work as soon as possible, develop and maintain clear communication with both your employer and the insurer, and understand the role of each person to get the right help at the right time, there are services available to help
you take an active role in your recovery at work and assist you as your capacity for work increases. Return to Work - returning to work, and where possible, recovering at work after an injury, can help with healing and recovery, the
longer you are away from work, the likelihood of you ever returning to work declines, staying active after injury reduces pain symptoms and helps you return to your usual activities at home and at work sooner, working helps you stay
active which is an important part of your treatment and rehabilitation. Employer role in return to work – is obligated by law to provide suitable work that matches your capacity and supports your recovery where possible, employer will
talk to you, the insurer and your doctor to understand your needs, if you work for a large employer, there may be a Return to Work Coordinator, whose role is to assist with your recovery at work, Your employer cannot dismiss you
because of your work-related injury within six months of when you first become unfit for work as a result of your injury. Stakeholders in return to work process – doctor, employer, injured worker, insurer, specialist, independent medical
doctor, return to Work Coordinator, rehabilitation Provider (external, provided by insurer), physiotherapists, occupational therapists, other health practitioners, injured workers family. Week 4 – Practitioner Resilience: Understanding
Patients & Ourselves – What we need to know about Mental Illness – 12% - mental illness in Australia, 25% - mental illness in population in the past 12 months, 45% - lifetime risk of having some form of mental illness, 60% - mental
illness in people with chronic illnesses. Mental Illness – worse outcomes, difficult populations, susceptibility/stress. Susceptibility stress model – people come into the hospital with a certain level of susceptibility, stress of the illness
creates awareness where a mental illness arises. Carers of cancer patients have a higher chance of getting depression then the patients. Anxiety Disorders – when to worry about worry. Disproportional reaction to stress. When
anxiety gets in the road of day to day living then it is disordered. Depression – sadness that is ongoing and for no logical reason. Psychosis – an outcome, losing touch with reality, not generally scary, not psychopathy. Not a mental
illness on its own, it’s a symptom of mental illness. Psychotic Illness – Schizophrenia – people who become psychotic for no other reason regularly, Schizoaffective – people become psychotic when their mood changes, e.g. highs and
lows, Bipolar – more about the mood, can be so high or low, Psychotic Depression. Other health issues. 85% of homeless. People with psychosis have worse general health then the general public without psychosis. Health Workers –
higher rates of mental illness, burnout & suicide. RT’s have the highest rate of burnout. Selfcare is very important. Important factors in Burnout - Physical and Emotional Fatigue & disengagement (I can’t face work today), Negative
attitudes (I can’t face your face today), Disillusionment (What’s the point of looking after them, there’ll be more here tomorrow), Personal Consequences (This is the same crap I get at home). Self-care at work – supervision, peer
support, boundaries, stay up to date, professional development & socialise. Physical – exercise, sleep, diet, lunch breaks & sick leave. Psychological – have other interests, don’t be lame, have cognitive breaks (notifications, emails),
learn meditation, its science. Emotional – experiences all emotions. Spiritual – connection, nature, greater meaning. Relationships – priorities, balance.
Week 5 - Venepuncture/Cannulation - Anatomy review – the venous system acts as a reservoir & a conduit for the return of blood to the central circulation, veins can hold up to 75% of our blood volume, vessels walls are elastic &
distensible, veins have less smooth muscle & elastic tissue than arteries, veins contain valves to prevent back flow & aid in the return of blood to the central circulation, the smooth muscle in the vein walls in innervated by sympathetic
fibres of the automatic nervous system. Engorgement or dilation of a vein is affected by: gravity, skin temperature & vascular volume. Flow is greatest in the centre of the vein & slowest on the outer area. Veins tend to follow a course
parallel to the arteries but are present in much greater numbers. Their lumen are larger than arteries but the walls are thinner. Vein walls – 3 layers – tunica intima (inner layer – smooth elastic endothelial lining), tunica media (middle
layer – consists of muscle & elastic tissue), tunica adventitia (outer layer – consists of connective tissue). Veins vs Arteries – veins differ from arteries in that they: do not pulsate, they will collapse, they contain valves, they are
generally more superficial & they contain dark red blood. Sites of venepuncture – the veins in the brachial area are the most commonly used for venepuncture, they have thick walls & wide lumens, the median cephalic vein is the most
common site used, it is close to the surface, stable & the skin is less sensitive. Site for IV cannulation – the superficial veins of the dorsal aspect of the hand are generally the most commonly used for IV cannulation, easier to stabilise
& access the cannula in these sites & it helps to preserve venous flow, use of leg veins not recommended. Site selection – consider the following aspects before choosing a vein: purpose of the infusion, type of fluid/therapy & rate of
administration, length of time the therapy will take, preferred or dominant hand of the patient, sensory & motor function of the limb, skin condition, location of the vein in relation to flexor surfaces & previous surgery or implanted
Medical Term Word components Meaning
Splenomegaly Spleen/o/megaly Enlargement of the spleen
Pericarditis Peri/card/itis Inflammation of the pericardium
Carcinogenic Carcin/o/genic Cancer producing
Hepatitis Hepat/itis Inflammation of the liver
Craniotomy Crani/o/tomy Removal of part of the skull
Cystogram Cyst/o/gram Imaging of the bladder
Hyperglycaemia Hyper/glyc/aemia High amount of glucose in blood
Hypotension Hypo/tension Low blood pressure
Haemangioma Haem/ang/i/oma A mass of red blood cells
Cardiomyopathy Cardi/o/myo/pathy Disease of heart muscle
Adenoma Aden/oma Tumour of glandular tissue
Arteriosclerosis Arteri/o/scler/osis Thickening, hardening of artery walls
Pyelonephrosis Pyel/o/nephr/osis Disease of kidney, upper urinary tract
Radiolysis Radi/o/lysis Destruction of cell/s from radiation
Dyspnoea Dys/pnoea Shortness of breath
Sublingual Sub/lingu/al Under the tongue
Myelogram Myel/o/gram Xray – spinal canal, nerve roots,
meninges
Mastectomy Mast/ectomy Surgical removal of breast
Hypogastric Hypo/gastric Inferior (under) the stomach
Osteoarthritis Oste/o/arthr/itis Degeneration of articular cartilage, not
inflammation
Radiolucent Radi/o/lucent Transparent to radiation, invisible
Intravenous Intra/venous Within a vein
Bronchospasm Bronch/o/spasm Spasmodic contraction of smooth mm of
bronchi
Intradermal Intra/derm/al Within the dermis (skin)
Antihistamine Anti/hist/amine Counteracts the release of histamine
Glioblastoma Glio/blast/oma Tumour of the CNS, usually cerebrum
Histopathology Hist/o/path/ology Study of diseases involving tissue cells
Oncogenesis Onc/o/genesis Formation + development of tumours
Septicaemia Sept/i/caemia Condition of blood of sepsis or infection
Vasodilator Vaso/dilator Opening of the blood vessels
Cholecystectomy Chole/cyst/ectomy Surgical removal of gallbladder
Neonatal Neo/natal First 4 weeks of birth
Haematuria Haem/a/turia Red blood cells in the urine
Leukocyte Leuk/o/cyte White blood cell
Lymphadenopathy Lymphaden/o/pathy Disease of lymph node
RUQ – right upper quadrant C3 – cervical vertebrae 3
THR – total hip replacement AML – acute lymphocytic leukemia
NSAID – non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug DEXA – dual energy X-ray absorptiometry
CTPA – computed tomography pulmonary angiogram COPD – chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Hb – haemoglobin LVEF – left ventricular ejection fraction
ROM – range of movement/motion NHL – non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
CNS – central nervous system FNA – fine needle aspiration
GA – general anaesthetic CABG – coronary artery bypass graft
ETOH – (ethyl) alcohol VT – ventricular tachycardia
SCC – squamous cell carcinoma/ cord compression NBM – nil by mouth
FBC – full blood count IM - intramuscular
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