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Anatomy AND Physiology Notes
Anatomy and Physiology I (BIOL 1414)
Humber College
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ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Anatomy Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships.
Physiology Study of how the body and its parts work or function.
Pathophysiology Extract invertase from Bayer's yeast
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy Larger structures Can be seen with the naked eye Approached of study: Regional and Systemic Anatomy
Surface Anatomy Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
Microscopic Anatomy Structures cannot be seen with the naked eye Structures can only be viewed with a microscope Subdivisions include cytology and histology
Developmental Anatomy Traces structural changes that occur in the body throughout the life span. Embryology – concerns developmental changes that occur before birth.
Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding Exact terms are used for 1. Position 2. Direction 3. Regions 4. Structures
Anatomical Position Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward Palms face anteriorly with thumbs pointed away from the body Right and left always refers to the sides belonging to the person of specimen being viewed – never to the viewer. Note: Four legged animals have different anatomical position than humans Their ventral is on the inferior side and dorsal in the superior side. In humans, ventral and anterior is the same and so is dorsal and posterior.
THE HUMAN BODY – AN ORIENTATION LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY
ANATOMY – LEVELS OF STUDY
Prone Position Anatomical position is placed face-down.
Supine Position Anatomical position is placed face-up
Posterosuperior view Combines the posterior and superior
Directional Terms Superior (cranial or cephalad) - toward the head end or upper part of a structure or the body; above
Inferior (caudal) - Away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or the body; below
Anterior (ventral) - Toward or at the front of the body; in front of
ORIENTATION AND DIRECTIONAL
TERMS
- Divides the body into left and right sections - Median – divides the body into equal left and right parts. Frontal Plane - Divides the body into front and back section - The frontal plane is sometimes called the “Coronal Plane.” Transverse Plane - Divides the body into sections above and below the midline.
•Dorsal Body Cavity - Cranial cavity houses the brain - Spinal cavity houses the spinal cord
Ventral Body Cavity - Thoracic cavity houses heart, lungs, and others - Abdominopelvic cavity houses digestive system and most urinary system organs
Body cavities (and organs found within them): Dorsal Cranial cavity - within the rigid skull, contains the brain.
Spinal cavity
- which runs within the bony vertebral column, protects the spinal cord.
Divisions of the Spinal Cord
Cervical Vertebrae: C Thoracic Vertebrae: T Lumbar Vertebrae: L Sacrum: S
Ventral Thoracic cavity Pleural cavity Mediastinum Pericardial cavity
Abdominopelvic cavity Abdominal cavity - stomach - intestines - liver, etc. Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes Called serous membranes or serosa Parietal serosa lines internal body walls Visceral serosa covers the internal organs Serous fluid separates the serosae Heart Serosae
Serous Membrane Relationship
Abdominopelvic quadrants (and organs found in each region): Right upper Right lower Left upper Left lower
Nine abdominopelvic regions (and organs in each regions): Right hypochondriac Epigastric Left hypochondriac Right lumbar Umbilical Left lumbar Right iliac (inguinal) Hypogastric Left iliac (inguinal)
Other Body Cavities Oral and digestive cavities Nasal Cavity Orbital cavities Middle ear cavities Synovial cavities
LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL
ORGANIZATION
Provides levers for muscular action Cavities provide a site of blood cell formation Stores minerals
Muscular Produces movement Maintains posture Produces heat
Nervous Fast-acting control system Responds to internal and external change Activates muscles and glands Helps maintain short-term homeostasis of the body via rapid transmission of electrical signals
Endocrine System Secretes chemical molecules, called hormones, into the blood Body functions controlled by hormones include: Growth Reproduction Use of nutrients Plays a role in regulating long- term homeostasis
Components Bones Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Cardiovascular Transports materials in body via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes
Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood vessels Cleanses the blood Involved in immunity
Respiratory Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide Contributes to the acid-base balance of the blood
Digestive
Breaks down food Allows for nutrient absorption into blood Eliminates indigestible material as feces
Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous wastes Maintains acid-base balance Regulates water and electrolytes
Reproductive Produces offspring Testes produce sperm and male hormone Ovaries produce eggs and female hormones
Anatomy AND Physiology Notes
Course: Anatomy and Physiology I (BIOL 1414)
University: Humber College
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