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Medical Terminology Notes
Medical Terminology (KINE 297)
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Chapter 1 ● 5 medical language skills ○ reading ○ listening ○ thinking/analysing and understanding ○ writing (or typing) and spelling ○ speaking and pronouncing ● Which syllable is the primary accented syllable in the medical word arthropathy? THRAW ● In what order should you put the meanings of the word parts to get the definition of the entire medical word? --suffix, prefix, combining form ● Which syllable is the primary accented syllable in the medical word urination? NAY en.wikipedia/wiki/List_of_medical_roots,_suffixes_and_prefixes ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● peri - to surround cardio - heart ium - a smaller portion of a larger system pericardium - a sac that surrounds the heart ectomy, which means "surgical removal or excision," intra-, means "within." The suffix -scopy means the process of using an instrument to examine. The suffix -gram means a record or picture. The suffix -oma means tumor; mass. Combining Form Meaning Word using this form cardi/o- heart electrocardiogram gastr/o- stomach gastric nas/o- nose nasal hepat/o- liver hepatitis arthr/o- joint arthritis col/o- large intestine colostomy dermat/o- skin dermatologist CC Chief Complaint — why the patient came to the physician/hospital HPI History of Present Illness — a summary of signs and symptoms for this illness prior to the current hospitalization PMH Past Medical History — a list of other health problems throughout life as well as a list of surgeries SH Social history (work, school, activities) and FH Family history (family composition and illnesses) ROS Review of Systems — a summary of significant findings in each body system PE Physical Examination — the results of the physician's examination of the patient Lab and X-ray data All test results Dx Diagnosis — a formal statement of what the physician has determined is the problem Disposition The outcome for the patient (discharged to home or nursing facility; expired) ● ● ● ● Thoracic cavity: The lungs and heart are the major organs protected by the breast bone, ribs and thoracic spinal column. Other organs, such as the esophagus and trachea, and important blood vessels go through this cavity also. Abdominal cavity: The diaphragm separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity. The digestive organs fill most of this cavity. Pelvic cavity: Unseparated from the abdominal cavity, this space lies inferior to the abdominal cavity. The urinary and reproductive organs are the major organs here, although there are some digestive organs as well Abdominopelvic cavity: Yes, this is a combination of the abdominal and pelvic cavities. RUQ right upper quadrant Contains liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines LUQ left upper quadrant Contains stomach, pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines RLQ right lower quadrant Contains small and large intestines, appendix, female ovary and uterus, bladder LLQ left lower quadrant Contains small and large intestines, female ovary and uterus, bladder hypochondriac region right and left regions below the ribs lumbar region right and left regions at the waist inguinal region or iliac most inferior right and left regions epigastric region most superior medial region umbilical region central region around the belly button hypogastric region most inferior medial region Where we live and work and what we eat can contribute to environmental disorders and nutritional disease. A communicable disease or infectious disease is caused by a pathogen, while the etiology of degenerative diseases can be the normal aging process or a destruction of body cells. Lastly, most people fear a neoplastic disease, which, while it can be benign or malignant, is feared as cancer. Exam steps: inspection, palpation, auscultation and percussion. a disease or condition that does not respond to treatment - refractory physician’s assistant (PA), certified registered nurse anesthetist (CRNA), certified nurse midwife (CNM), and nurse practitioner (NP). The medical language definition of the word respiratory is __________. pertaining to again and again breathing (suffix ((pertaining to)), prefix, combining form) Attending physician - physician who is on the medical staff of a hospital and admits a patient to the hospital The human body can be studied by dividing the anterior surface of the abdomen into __________. - four quadrants and nine regions The combining form iatr/o- means __________. - physicain or treatment The midsagittal plane divides the body into __________. RIGHT AND LEFT The region of the abdominopelvic area that is centered and inferior to the umbilical region is the __________ region. Ophthalmology EYES A symptom is any deviation from health that is experienced or felt by the patient. An example of a symptom would be pain felt in the joints. An irregular heartbeat and coughing up blood are signs that can be observed by others AND THEREFORE NOT SYMPTOMS When The Doctor Orders An AP X-ray Enter The Patient's Body From The? FRONT Refractory Means? resistant to treatment A Person Lying Face Down Is In What Position? prone CHAPTER 3 The gastrointestinal system is also known as the GI system. It is divided into two parts: the upper GI and the lower GI systems. The upper GI system begins at the mouth with the teeth and tongue, and proceeds to the stomach via the pharynx and esophagus. These structures prepare food for further processing and digestion. The lower GI system includes the small and large intestines, rectum, and anus. These structures are responsible for digestion and absorption of nutrients as well as removing undigested waste products. Sialolith – a stone that forms in the slivary gland Chime – combination of partially digested food, saliva and digestive enzymes in the stomach and small intestine quizlet/147203871/medical-terminology-ch3-gi-flash-cards/ The teeth are NOT responsible for deglutition. Hormone in stomach that stimulates acid production GASTRIN Substance produced by liver that breaks down fat BILE Pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat LIPASE Mastication - chewing The esophagus is a muscular tube that extends from the inferior pharynx down to the stomach. The pharynx serves as a passageway for food on its way to the esophagus and stomach and also serves as a passageway for air from the nasal cavity on its way to the windpipe and lungs. As pointed out previously, the epiglottis makes sure that food goes only into the esophagus. The esophagus uses peristalsis to push each swallow of food downward toward the entrance into the stomach The Stomach Before food can enter the stomach, the lower esophageal sphincter or LES (also called the cardiac sphincter) must open. This sphincter ensures that the stomach contents stay in the stomach and do not flow backward into the esophagus, where they can burn the esophageal lining and cause heartburn. The stomach can expand because of its rugae. Food mixes with acid and digestive enzymes in the stomach until the mixture becomes chyme. Notice in the diagram that the stomach is composed of four sections: the cardia, the fundus, the body, and the pylorus. Chyme leaves the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and enters the small intestine Small Intestine After passing through the pyloric sphincter, chymeenters the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum. This first part is only 10 inches long, but it is a very important part. Bile from the liver and gallbladder and digestive enzymes from the pancreas empty into the duodenum through small tubes with openings called ducts. These digestive juices mix with the chyme to continue the digestive process. As in the esophagus, chyme moves through the small and large intestines by means of peristalsis. Following the duodenum is the 8-foot-long jejunum where digestion continues as the chyme moves slowly through this section. The last section of the small intestines is the 12-foot-long ileum where water and nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream to be carried throughout the body. Specialized structures that project into the lumen of the ileum, called villi, increase surface area for more efficient absorption. It's amazing that almost 21 feet of small intestine fits into the abdomen! Large Intestine The large intestine or colon receives leftover digestive waste from the ileum. Inferior to the entrance of the ileum is the cecum and appendix. The very watery waste moves upward in the first part of the colon, the ascending colon. Without peristalsis, this wouldn't be possible. As the waste moves through this part and into the transverse colon and descending colon, more and more water is reabsorbed into the body, making the waste semi-solid. This waste is temporarily stored in the last section of the colon, the sigmoid colon, which is an s shape. Finally, the waste moves into the rectum which is responsible for pushing the feces or stool through the anus and out of the body. The pancreas serves double duty as an organ in the digestive system as well as being an organ in the endocrine system. In the digestive system, the pancreas is responsible for producing a number of digestive enzymes which it sends to the duodenum through the pancreatic ducts Digestion in the Duodenum and Intestines The duodenum may only be 10 inches long, but it is a very busy place. When there is fat in the chyme released from the stomach, a special hormone, cholecystokinin, causes the gallbladder to contract. Bile is sent through the cystic and common bile ducts into the duodenum in order to break down fatty substances. Chyme also stimulates the release of amylase, lipase, and protein-digesting enzymes from the pancreas. These enzymes empty into the duodenum through the pancreatic duct. Another enzyme, lactase, is made by the intestinal villi to digest sugars. Diseases — Eating and Oral Disorders Anorexia can occur with many types of illnesses, sometimes even with a mild illness like a cold. On the other hand, dysphagia and polyphagia are usually symptomatic of a more serious disorder. Dry air, inflammation, allergies, or nutritional deficiencies can result in cheilitis. Inside the mouth itself, glossitis and stomatitis can result in anorexia! Facial pain, when sitting down and beginning to eat, can be caused by sialolithiasis. Diseases – Esophagus and Stomach Other than birth defects or cancer, there are not a lot of diseases of the esophagus. One important disorder, however, is esophageal varices. These are caused by some type of liver disease. The problem is that the varices can rupture, causing major bleeding. And heartburn seems to be a common problem for a lot of people, gauging by the number of drug ads on television. When we move to the stomach, it's not surprising that nausea and vomiting, as well as dyspepsia, are usually experienced by all of us at some time. Vomitus (also known as emesis) will contain whatever is in the stomach at the time of vomiting. The emesis can even be hematemesis. Babies frequently have regurgitation after breast or bottle-feeding, although adults can have this problem also. A more serious version of heartburn is chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (known as GERD). Gastritis and gastroenteritis are frequently due to bacterial or viral infections, although increased stomach acid can contribute to gastritis. Very serious stomach disorders include peptic ulcer disease (PUD) also known as a stomach or gastric ulcer. A bleeding ulcer and even perforation of the stomach are two potentially serious consequences of an untreated ulcer. A peptic ulcer can also occur in the esophagus or duodenum. The most serious disease, of course, is stomach cancer, which is gastric adenocarcinoma. It can be fatal without treatment. Inflammation of the lips CHEILITIS Excessive or frequent food intake POLYPHAGIA Enlarged, twisted veins in the lower esophagus VARICES Upset stomach DYSPEPSIA Formation of a stone or stones in the salivary gland or duct SIALOLITHIASIS Inflammation of the lining of the mouth STOMATITIS Dark, tarry feces that contain digested blood. MELENA Reflux of stomach contents into the esophagus is called GERD Difficulty swallowing or eating is medically known as DYSPHAGIA Inflammation of the tongue is GLOSSITIS Diseases – Small Intestine Disorders of the small intestine are some of the more interesting gastrointestinal disorders. Ileus, sometimes called paralytic or postoperative ileus, is a complete absence of peristalsis in the lower small intestine. Anesthesia, abdominal surgery and trauma are common causes. Treatment may be needed to restart bowel activity. Sometimes the small intestine starts to turn itself inside out. This disorder has the long name intussusception, which is a great spelling word! Unless it resolves by itself or through surgical intervention, part of the intestine can become inflamed and even die. Volvulus occurs when part of the small intestine gets twisted. This sometimes happens to horses when they have a change in their feed that leads to colic because their colons are very loosely attached and can easily rotate around in the abdominal cavity. Again, twisting can result in part of the intestine dying. Adhesions can form after surgery or an infection. These scars can tighten over time and cause a constriction of the intestine or other organs. Diseases – The Liver No one can live without a liver. Since a liver has many functions, a healthy and functioning liver is a necessity for life. Cirrhosis of the liver causes irreversible damage. While alcoholism is a common cause, hepatitis and other factors can result in cirrhosis. Five types of hepatitis make this disease the most common liver disease. Infection is contracted by different forms of exposure to the five types, although hepatitis E seldom occurs in the United States. Three symptoms associated with liver disease are ascites, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Jaundice is yellowing of the skin from bile pigments, but it is difficult to assess in persons of color. Checking the whites of the eyes for yellowish discoloration is an easy way to assess anyone. Liver cancer usually starts elsewhere in the body and happens to spread to the liver. Treatment is difficult. ASCITES accumulation of fluid in the abdomen Diseases – Gallbladder and Pancreas Since bile is concentrated while being stored in the gallbladder, minerals in the bile are concentrated also, and sometimes form stones. Cholelithiasis can, in turn, result in cholecystitis or choledocholithiasis. Treatment for any of these disorders is a cholecystectomy, usually done through small incisions in the abdomen. Pancreatitis requires vigorous treatment for this inflammation/infection. Severe vomiting can cause a serious fluid and electrolyte imbalance. Probably one of the worst cancer diagnoses to receive is cancer of the pancreas. Treatment is generally ineffective, with about a 4% success rate. Laboratory and Diagnostic Procedures Blood tests are often the first considerations when a physician is trying to make a diagnosis. The tests are the easiest procedures for the patient. Primarily, tests such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP) or bilirubin will reveal disease of the liver or gallstones. Or the physician may choose to do a panel of liver function tests, which includes albumin, ALT, AST, GGT, and prothrombin time, a test of blood clotting. These tests are described in your text. The acidity of stomach contents is tested with a gastric analysis test. Insertion of a nasogastric tube (NG) makes this test a little more uncomfortable than the blood tests. Feces can reveal some problems as well. A fecal occult blood test will determine whether there is hidden blood in the stool, while an ova and parasites (O&P) test will see if there are any parasites or eggs in the feces. Persons who travel outside the United States may pick up this type of gastrointestinal infection. Haustra – pouches in the wall of the large intestine that expand to accommodate the bulk of undigested materials The muscular ring that keeps food in the stomach from going back into the esophagus is __________. PYLORIC When bile breaks apart large globules of fat, the process is known as __________. EMULSIFICATION The combining form enter/o- means __________. INTESTINE Which abbreviation is a test for parasites in the stool? O&P The LES is located between the __________. ESOPHAGUS AND STOMACH A surgical procedure to remove part of the stomach because of a cancerous tumor is called a ________. GASTRECOTOMY The peritoneum extends into the center of the abdominopelvic cavity as the __________. OMENTUM If an infected appendix bursts, it can cause ________. PERITONITIS The combining form celi/o- means __________. ABDOMEN To refer to the gallbladder, you would use the combining form __________. CHOLECYST/OWhich type of polyp has a thin stalk that supports a ball-shaped, irregular top? PEDUNCULATED The combining form omphal/o- means __________. UMBILICUS or NAVEL The medical language definition of diverticulosis is __________ of a diverticulum. ABNORMAL CONDITION In the medical word peristalsis, the combining form stal/o- means __________. CONTRACTION In the phrase hyperemesis gravidarum, the word gravidarum means __________. OF PREGNANCY Telescoping of one segment of the intestine into the lumen of an adjacent segment is known as a/an __________. INTUSSUSCEPTIONS An inguinal hernia occurs __________. IN THE GROIN these airways get smaller, the smallest is a bronchiole (-ole means "small thing"). By this time, the lumen of the airway has become very small indeed. In addition to the cartilage rings, the trachea and bronchi are lined with cilia, which work with the mucus to trap foreign particles and sweep them upward so you can cough them out. This whole arrangement, from the trachea to the bronchioles, is called the bronchial tree. Lungs The lungs are a little like sponges—full of holes. In this case, the holes are actually small balloon-like structures called alveoli (singular is alveolus). They have a very thin wall so that oxygen and carbon dioxide can be exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs. In the respiratory system, the alveoli are the parenchyma. Because the alveolar walls are so thin, they produce surfactant, which helps to keep the walls from collapsing. Surfactant works like the bubble stuff you buy to blow bubbles. The bubble stuff helps the bubbles to stay open longer than those created with dish detergent. The lungs are divided into smaller lobes. On the right side, there are three lobes, but on the left there are only two lobes. We’ll see this same correlation when we study the valves of the heart. The top, more pointed area of each lung is the apex, (plural form is apices) and the area where the bronchi and blood vessels enter and leave is the hilum. Thoracic Cavity The thorax is a ventral cavity surrounded by the ribs, sternum (breast bone), and vertebrae (back bones). The diaphragm is the inferior structure and lower border of the thoracic cavity. When this sheet of muscle contracts or relaxes, the lungs fill with air or empty. The lungs are each covered with the visceral pleura and the cavity they are in is lined with parietal pleura. Between these two pleurae (plural form of pleura), there is a small amount of pleural fluid in the pleural space to reduce friction. Otherwise, there is a vacuum in this space, which keeps the lungs inflated. Between the two lungs is an area known as the mediastinum. Physiology of Respiration We can’t live without the processes of inhalation and exhalation, also known as inspiration and expiration. Special control centers in the brain, the phrenic nerve, and levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood all combine to control the rate and depth of breathing. Intercostal muscles between the ribs raise and expand the chest, providing room for air taken in, or they lower the chest, pushing air out. Lung Infections Now let’s differentiate between the types of lung infections. Influenza is a viral infection that can be mild or life-threatening, especially to infants or small children, older adults, and anyone with a compromised immune system. In its mildest form, a fever, muscle aches, and a cough last for a few days. In a severe form, deaths can rise into the thousands or hundreds of thousands. Bird flu and swine flu are two of the most recent types that caused widespread illness. Adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is always serious. In addition to a severe infection, burns or other trauma damage the alveoli, causing them to fill with fluid, preventing air exchange. In addition, the production of surfactant decreases, allowing the alveoli to collapse like a balloon losing its air. Pneumonia is a well-known infection and there are many types of pneumonia described in your textbook. In short, this is an infection caused by some type of microorganism, usually a bacteria or virus, although there are other causes as well. Fungal infections occur in desert regions, such as Arizona, as the sand is deeply disturbed by housing and commercial development. In addition to having the infection in the lungs, the bronchi can also be infected resulting in bronchopneumonia. Aspiration pneumonia is caused by inhaling food, fluid, or other foreign material into the lungs. The patient can recover if the initial aspiration of fluid is not overwhelming. The first person this mentor ever saw die, died of aspiration pneumonia. He was 35 and aspirated his own vomitus. Look at the two x-ray on this page. The left x-ray is normal, while in the right x-ray, the grayish patchy areas in the right lung show infection. The term "right." when describing a patient, always refers to the patient’s right, never our right. Also read about the many forms of pneumonia in your text. Serious Lung Infections Two lung infections that can be fatal are Legionnaires disease (Severe, sometimes fatal, bacterial pneumonia with possible liver and kidney degeneration) and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). A bacterial and viral infection respectively, they result in pneumonia with possible complications. Tuberculosis (TB) is a lung infection by a bacteria that has a strong defense system, so it is hard to kill. This is a communicable disease spread by droplets when someone coughs or sneezes. Many people get exposed to tuberculosis but are healthy enough not to develop the disease. Treatment is very long term, and the bacterium is developing resistance to the drugs that are available. Now let’s examine some disorders that affect the alveoli specifically. Disorders of the Alveoli Lung diseases caused by exposure to inhaled particles are called occupational lung diseases. Anthracosis (Abnormal condition of the lungs from inhaling coal dust. Also known as coal miner's lung or black lung disease), asbestosis (Abnormal condition in the lung of inhaling fibers of
Medical Terminology Notes
Course: Medical Terminology (KINE 297)
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