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Photosynthesis- guide
Biological Principles (BSC 1010)
Florida Atlantic University
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Photosynthesis
What is the equation for Photosynthesis? 6CO 2 +6H 2 O à C 6 H 12 O 2 + 6O 2
How was Earth different before photo-synthesizers, what did they do? What are some organisms that perform photosynthesis? - Before plants discovered the power of photosynthesis, single-celled life survived on chemicals, not sunlight, burning through hydrogen, methane and sulfur, among other compounds. - The innovation of the oxygen-evolving complex, oxygenic photosynthesis provided the biological catalyst to accumulate oxygen in the atmosphere.
- first organism to do photosynthesis was Cyanobacteria.
What are banded iron formations? What do we use them for?
- Photosynthetic organisms were making oxygen, but it reacted with the
iron dissolved in seawater to form iron oxide minerals on the ocean floor,
creating banded iron formations.
- Banded iron formations account for more than 60% of global iron reserves and provide most of the iron ore presently mined.
What is the difference between auto and heterotrophs? Why are autotrophs the base of the food chain? - Autotrophs are known as producers because they are able to make their own food from raw materials and energy. Examples include plants, algae, and some types of bacteria. - Heterotrophs are known as consumers because they consume producers or other consumers. Dogs, birds, fish, and humans are all examples of heterotrophs. - Autotrophs are the basis of food chains or trophic pyramids because organisms consume them, but they do not eat other organisms themselves.
Where is the chloroplast in the leave? What are the structures in the chloroplast? What are their functions? What are stomata and what are they used for? How are they regulated by the plant? - The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis. In the lea f , chloroplasts are present in the palisade mesophyll below the upper epidermis. - The parts of a chloroplast such as the inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space, thylakoid membrane, stroma and lamella - Absorption of light energy and conversion of it into biological energy. Production of NAPDH2 and evolution of oxygen through the process of photosys of water. Production of ATP by photophosphorylation. NADPH2 and ATP are the assimilatory powers of photosynthesis. - Membrane Envelope- It comprises inner and outer lipid bilayer membranes. The
inner membrane separates the stroma from the intermembrane space.
Intermembrane Space - The space between inner and outer membranes.
Thylakoid System (Lamellae)- The system is suspended in the stroma. It is a collection of membranous sacs called thylakoids or lamellae. The green coloured pigments
called chlorophyll are found in the thylakoid membranes.
- Stroma- It is a colourless, alkaline, aqueous, protein-rich fluid present within the inner
membrane of the chloroplast present surrounding the grana.
- Grana- Stack of lamellae in plastids is known as grana. These are the sites of conversion
of light energy into chemical energy.
- Chlorophyll- It is a green photosynthetic pigment that helps in the process of
photosynthesis.
- Stomata are tiny openings or pores in plant tissue that allow for gas
exchange. Stomata are typically found in plant leaves but can also be found
in some stems. Specialized cells known as guard cells surround stomata
and function to open and close stomatal pores. Stomata allow a plant to
take in carbon dioxide, which is needed for photosynthesis. They also help
to reduce water loss by closing when conditions are hot or dry. Stomata
look like tiny mouths which open and close as they assist in transpiration.
What colors are absorbed/reflected? - plants absorb primarily red (or red/orange) and blue light. - Reflect green
What is a photosystem?
- Photosystems are the functional units for photosynthesis , defined by a particular pigment organization and association patterns, whose work is the absorption and transfer of light energy, which implies transfer of electrons. Physically, photosystems are found in the thylakoid membranes.
The light dependent reaction can go through noncyclic photophosphorylation or cyclic photophosphorylation. Compare and contrast
Cyclic Non-cyclic
Cyclic photophosphorylation happens only in the photosystem I
cyclic photophosphorylation, only ATP is produced
non-cyclic photophosphorylation occurs in both the photosystems I and II.
non-cyclic photophosphorylation both NADPH and ATP are produced.
Compare and contrast the light dependent reactions and the light independent reactions.
Light dependent reactions Light independent reactions - energy from sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll and that energy is converted into stored chemical energy. - takes place within the thylakoid
membrane of chloroplasts
- (not counting light) are ADP+ Pi ,
which will be converted
into ATP and NADP , which will
be reduced into reduced NADP.
Additionally, water is also
required for photolysis,
with oxygen being produced as
a waste product.
-
- The chemical energy harvested during the light-dependent reactions drives the assembly of sugar molecules from carbon dioxide.
- reaction takes place within
the stroma of chloroplasts,
where all the necessary
enzymes are found.
- uses the ATP and reduced NADP from the light dependent
reaction as reactants, to
produce G3P by fixing carbon
dioxide. RuBP , a 5 carbon
compound is also required as a
reactant for the light
independent reaction, but will
eventually be regenerated as a
product.
What are the steps of the Calvin Cycle? The Calvin cycle has four main steps: carbon fixation, reduction phase, carbohydrate formation, and regeneration phase. Energy to fuel chemical reactions in this sugar-generating process is provided by ATP and NADPH, chemical compounds which contain the energy plants have captured from sunlight.
Photosynthesis- guide
Course: Biological Principles (BSC 1010)
University: Florida Atlantic University
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