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World History module 3 notes FLVS
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03 West African Kingdoms Guided Notes
—What were the major civilizations of North Africa from ancient to medieval history?
Ghana Empire, Mali Empire, and Songhai Empire
—What have been the main sources of information for Africa’s history? What have been the limitations?
Most of their knowledge and history was passed down using oral tradition.
Oral tradition: the spoken relation and preservation, from one generation to the next, of a people's cultural history and ancestry.
The main source of written information about early African civilizations comes from outside travelers and traders.
Griot: a West African word for a person who plays music and tells the legends, myths, and stories of a people
—Describe the geographic regions of Africa:
—Sahara: the largest desert in the world. It is also one of the hottest and driest, reaching temperatures of 136 degrees Fahrenheit. The Sahara Desert receives very little rain and some years it does not receive rain at all. Very few animals and plants can survive over there. The area is most known to have a lot of scorpions, snakes, and rodents because they can live long amounts of time with little water and can live in great heat for long amounts of time.
—Inland Delta: The Niger, a strangely-shaped river, does not flow in a relatively straight line like the Nile or the Mississippi. Rather, it curves and changes direction. The Niger starts in present-day Guinea and flows northeast into Mali, where it bends and
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begins to flow southwest through Niger and Nigeria, where it empties into the Atlantic Ocean.
—Sahel: an arid area at the southern edge of the Sahara Desert, which stretches from Mauritania to Chad. The Sahel consists of desert and semi-arid land.
—Identify and describe the earliest known highly developed civilization in Africa
The oldest known highly developed civilization in Africa south of the Sahara is the Nok culture, which developed along the Niger River near where the Niger is joined by the Benue River, in what is now Nigeria. This culture existed from about 900 BCE to about 200 CE and is known for beautiful figurines made out of clay. Some people believe the Nok culture evolved into the Yoruba civilization because the styles of art are so similar. The Yoruba are an African people of southwestern Nigeria and Benin, many of whom still practice traditional African religion.
—Due to the camel, trade became more common. What were some of the items being traded?
Gold, Ivory, Kola Nuts, and slaves
—How did the following make it easy for Soninke people to gain control over Western Africa?
Iron: They used the iron to make weapons (as well as tools and art)
Horses: they used the horses for military purposes.
—What were some aspects of Ghana’s beginning and culture? Include at least two.
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ideas to the table. He also brought an Arab architect who changed the way that the people built their homes.
—Why did the Mali Empire come to an end?
Civil wars about the patrilineal kingdom.
—Who was Sunni Ali the Great, and why is he important to the Songhai Empire? founder of the Songhai empire, led the Songhai in conquering the cities of Mema and Timbuktu.
—How was society organized in the Songhai kingdom?
Kings/nobles. freemen, and slaves/war captains
—Why did the Songhai Empire come to an end?
The empire was conquered because of their low population after many civil wars.
03 Central, South, and East Africa Guided Notes
—What group of people lived near the Great Zimbabwe ruins in the 1500s?
The Shona.
—How did migrations impact Africa? Focus on the causes and effects of each.
—Northern and Eastern Migrations: It was the relocation to cities of the West, Midwest and North due to unpleasant segregation laws and unsatisfactory economic opportunities which resulted in the movement of blacks to head north, where industrial workers were needed.
—Bantu Migrations: Introduction of iron working
Increase in food production.
Introduction of new crops such as bananas and yams.
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Depopulation which was due to constant attacks for land by the Bantu against people in East Africa.
Loss of culture: The loss of culture was a result of cultural absorption and intermarriage with other tribes.
—How did trade impact the cultures, economies, and political systems of Africa?
Trade established colonies. These colonies did not care about local ethnicities or cultures or countries when they were making their own borders which caused a lot of problems for new states that arose where tribes fought each other. Politically, it enabled Africa to get dictators who would rise in power due to their evil deeds who could then help foreigners get slaves or diamonds or similar things in exchange for wealth.
—Use the map on page 3 and the timeline on page 4 to help you describe the following city-states and kingdoms:
—Meroe: Kush broke free from Egyptians around 1000 BCE and moved their capital farther south to Meroe. Axum tried to destroy Meroe. Royalty was buried in pyramids like Egyptians.
—Axum: African and Arab people settled along the Red Sea built trade cities that became powerful city-states. By the first century CE, they were the wealthiest and most influential markey city on the coast.
—Ethiopia: Axum power faltered and Agew took place. They united Ethiopia as the Zqwe Dynasty 12th-13th Centuries CE. Competing for dominance in the area was high between Shewa, Solomon, Muslims, etc.
—Swahili: Altogether, Arabs founded about a dozen independent cities along the Swahili Coast. Among the most notable were Mogadishu, Malindi, Mombasa and Kilwa. From the 13th through the 15th centuries CE, these cities and others were ruled by the
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—Oromo: While the Agew and Shewa peoples were establishing rule over Ethiopia proper, another African group known as the Oromo were pushing out of the southern bush country in search of better lands. Primarily herders, the Oromo began raiding neighboring lands looking for more promising resources in the 13th century CE. Over time, they pushed farther north and west into the more fertile lands ruled by the Zagwe and then the Solomonids. Fierce warriors, they had won a great deal of territory by the 17th century CE. Like Ethiopia, Oromo came to depend on trade in coffee to generate wealth.
—Bunyoro-Kitara: Several kingdoms also arose among the peoples of the Great Lakes of Africa—Lake Victoria, Lake Tanganyika, Lake Albert and several others. There, descendents of migrant Bantu tribes such as the Hutus made their home. Much of what is known of the early kingdoms of what are now Rwanda, Kenya and Uganda comes through oral tradition. Then, in the 14th and 15th centuries CE, new migrants from the north, including the Tutsi and the Maasai, came to the region. These newcomers were primarily pastoralists, or cattle herders, and they quickly came to rule the other inhabitants of the region. The kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara arose and came to control much of the region, but smaller kingdoms, such as Buganda and Rwanda, grew along its periphery. The Bunyoro-Kitara grew into an empire in part because of its control of a rich source of salt, a valuable trade item in Africa—Lake Albert.
—Mwene Mutapa: Around the time that Great Zimbabwe fell, another power rose in the area. The kingdom of Mutapa came to dominate the lands between the Limpopo and Zambezi Rivers and to control trade in the region. Ruled by kings known as Mwene Mutapa, over time, the kingdom became known by the same title. The Shona people who formed this kingdom first began acquiring power in the 14th century CE, and ruled for three centuries. Legend attributes the rise of the Shona to a prince from Great Zimbabwe who came in search of salt resources. Later leaders benefited not only from salt wealth but also from copper, and spread their rule to the Indian Ocean. They succumbed to Portuguese invasions in the 17th century CE
—How did trade and the Portuguese influence Africa?
Access to a lot of glorious items, fabrics, spices, and gold motivated a European quest to reach South Asia. It was this search that led the Portuguese down the coast of West Africa to Sierra Leone in 1460. Most of the West African coast was explored in the period from 1415 into the 1600s. African exports mainly included ivory, pepper, and gold. Over 175,000 slaves were also taken to the Americas and the Americas and Europe during this period. In 1600 the magnitude of the slave trade grew exponentially.
—What impacts did foreign religions like Christianity and Islam have on Africa?
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The colonization of African tribes by Christian and Islamic peoples led to many of the African natives taking up these foreign religions as the tribes were often pressured into converting.
—What other impacts did oral traditions have on Africa’s history?
It was rare to find someone that could read and write. Oral teachings were cheaper and when outside people invaded Africa, The Oral Tradition allowed us to have the history of africa.
03 Early Mesoamerican Civilization Guided Notes
—What is the Beringian theory?
Beringia was basically the exposed floor of the Bering Sea between and around Siberia and Alaska. The Bering Strait was part of Beringia, and it connected the two land masses of Siberia and Alaska. Historians theorize that our ancestors crossed the Bering Strait from Siberia into Alaska during the last Ice Age.
— What does Pre-Columbian mean?
relating to the history and cultures of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus in 1492.
—What does Mesoamerica mean?
Mesoamerica, translating to “middle america” refers to the central area from the City of Mexico to Honduras.
—Sister cultures exist at the same time and share their cultures. What is a mother culture?
A mother culture refers to the culture that proposed the sisters, saying that the sister cultures rose from the mother.
—Include several achievements for each of the following civilizations:
Olmec achievements, (1200-400 BC) were the first civilization in Central America. They built several cities with stone buildings and temples, as well as the colossal "heads" (up to 9 ft. or 3 m tall) that are their notable legacy.
Their civilization was centered on three rivers that empty into the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico, along the central east coast of Mexico. They established trade with other native groups in Central America, developed agriculture, and created intricate artwork in pottery, stone, and jade. They may have developed a written system of
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—Moche: Ritual temples, expansive immigration systems, and a prolific art tradition.
Features Archaeological Sites
Time Period
Inca - large and warlike nation in the Andes that numbered 15 million - established their capital at Cuzco in Peru - began expanding by conquering neighboring groups - In order to control their growing empire and prevent rebellion, ethnic groups were separated - Incas demanded a tax of labor; It was this organized and intensive system of labor that allowed the Incas to complete massive construction projects - Machu Picchu is the most famous Incan city and one of the most famous archaeological sites in the world
- Polytheistic invoking nature gods and human sacrifice
- developed a system of raids and suspension bridges the connected the empire
- used a relay system of runners to bring messages encoded on knotted lengths of string called quipu between parts of the empire
The city was "lost" until the early 20th century CE, when archaeologists from Yale University found and began excavating the site.
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Maya - an Olmec influenced society - stretched across southern Mexico, Guatemala, and northern Belize; numbered up to two million - Many Maya still live in the Yucatan, where over 70 Mayan languages are spoken. - Modern Maya largely live in small agricultural communities and practice a version of Catholicism that has been adapted to fit traditional Mayan rituals and gods.
- Their cities included temples, monuments, pyramids, ball fields, plazas, and palaces
- Structures were mostly cut from large stones. This stone was then decorated with carved glyphs, or characters representing the Mayan language
- Capital: Tikal
- Many great cities were abandoned because of drought, overpopulation, and warfare, declined before the Spanish arrived
Aztec - Aztecs were the dominant empire in Mesoamerica; myth tells that they were previously hunter- gatherers in northern Mexico - settled on the islands of Lake Texcoco, founding the great city Tenochtitlán - he ruler Itzcóatl formed alliances with neighboring groups and, through trade and war, quickly established a strong and broad empire with 6
- the growth of this flourishing empire was abruptly cut short by the arrival of the Spanish invaders
- The conquistador Hernán Cortés took the ninth Aztec emperor Moctezuma II and threw him in prison, where he died and conquered Tenochtitlán
- there is a huge amount of documentation of the Aztecs, but it is often hard to remove the Spanish
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between city-states was common. The city-state structure of the Maya prevented them from uniting into an empire.
In contrast, the Aztec and the Inca each succeeded in forming large empires. A single leader ruled each of these realms with the support of an advisory council. As the Aztec conquered more and more territory, they found it necessary to divide their empire into provinces. Each province had a capital and was ruled by a governor who collected taxes.
The Inca formed a complex bureaucracy that included the emperor and four officials who oversaw the four main political districts. Within each district were governors and many lower officials.
The Incan government also enforced a system called mita. According to this system, a commoner could be called on to construct public works, serve as a warrior in the army, or farm fields for an aristocrat. When a commoner was summoned for service, the government oversaw the care of his family and land.
—Writing system: The Maya developed a complex writing system that used numerous symbols called hieroglyphics. The Aztec also used pictures to represent an object or idea but used different pictures than the Maya. The Inca spoke Quechua but did not have a writing system. Instead, they kept records by using a cord with knotted strings called quipu.
—Religion: - The Maya worshiped about 160 gods and goddesses. Each one represented an element of nature.
The Aztec worshiped hundreds of gods and goddesses, as well; each one ruled a different part of nature.
Both the Maya and the Aztec offered human sacrifices, but the Aztec took this practice to an extreme by performing mass human sacrifices.
The Maya used a complex religious calendar with 260 days, a solar calendar of 365 days, and other calendars. The Aztec used similar religious and solar calendars. The ritual and agricultural cycles of the Aztecs and the Mayans finished together every 52 years.
The Inca also believed in many gods, but the ruling family prayed mainly to the sun god. - Religious calendars were not important to the Inca. Instead, they practiced divination to determine when to do various activities, such as going to war or planting crops. - The Inca also performed human sacrifices, but less frequently than the Aztec or Maya cultures.
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—Public works: - The Maya carved their records on huge stone monuments called stelae. These records included important dates and events in the lives of their rulers. By displaying their records in this way, the Maya made them available to the public and emphasized their importance.
The Aztec needed more land for farming. They solved this problem by building chinampas—fields built up above the surface of a lake.
The Inca constructed a complex road system, which extended about 14,000 miles. Much of this system covered rugged mountainous terrain and, if possible, was constructed near water sources. The Inca paved the roads with stones and used suspension bridges to span rivers. This system greatly improved communication and the movement of troops, allowing them to use their military effectively.
—Economics: The economics of the Maya, Aztec, and Inca centered on agriculture with corn being the main crop. In swampy areas, the Maya used canals to drain land and then used the unearthed soil to build raised fields. To grow crops in rugged terrain, the Inca cut terraces into hillsides, which lessened erosion. Each culture had extensive trade networks that extended into the surrounding areas.
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World History module 3 notes FLVS
Subject: World History
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