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Chapter 6 Reading guide completed AP bio

Good notes tour of cell organells and all the way that requires a refe...
Academic year: 2014/2015
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AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 -

Name Period

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

Concept 6 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry

  1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses; and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world was opened. Magnification and resolving power limit what can be seen. Explain the difference.

Magnification: Ratio of actual size to visible size Resolving power: Clarity

  1. The development of electron microscopes has further opened our window on the cell and its organelles. What is considered a major disadvantage of the electron microscopes?

Cell dies in the process

  1. Study the electron micrographs in your text. Describe the different types of images obtained from:

scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

Detail of surface textures (What it looks like)

transmission electron microscopy (TEM)

Detail of components (What makes up it)

  1. In cell fractionation , whole cells are broken up in a blender, and this slurry is centrifuged several times. Each time, smaller and smaller cell parts are isolated. This will isolate different organelles and allow study of their biochemical activities. Which organelles are the smallest ones isolated in this procedure?

Ribosomes

Concept 6 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions

  1. Which two domains consist of prokaryotic cells?

Archaea, Bacteria

  1. A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA. Describe this difference.

Nucleoid for prokaryotic cells, Nucleus for eukaryotic, The dna is contained in a eukaryotic cell, Nucleoid is just the region where the dna is located in a prokaryote

  1. On the sketch of a prokaryotic cell, label each of these features and give its function or description.

cell wall plasma membrane bacterial chromosome nucleoid cytoplasm flagella

  1. Why are cells so small? Explain the relationship of surface area to volume.

SA:V ratio decreases as volume increases. Greater SA:V ratio means more cellular respiration per volume used.

  1. Describe how many neurons and intestinal cells each have greatly increased surface area.

Concept 6 The eukaryotic cell’s genetic instructions are housed in the nucleus and carried out by the ribosomes

  1. In the figure below, label the nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, and pore complex.

  2. Describe the nuclear envelope. How many layers is it? What connects the layers?

  3. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) makes up more than half the total membrane system in many eukaryotic cells. Use this sketch to explain the lumen , transport vesicles , and the difference between smooth and rough ER. Lumen: Rough ER: Produces proteins, studded with ribosomes

  4. List and describe three major functions of the smooth ER.

Assists in the synthesis of steroid hormones, like sex hormones, and of other lipids Stores Calcium (Ca++) ions in muscle cells to facilitate normal muscle contractions Detoxifies drugs and poisons from the body

  1. Why does alcohol abuse increase tolerance to other drugs such as barbiturates?

  2. The rough ER is studded with ribosomes. As proteins are synthesized, they are threaded into the lumen of the rough ER. Some of these proteins have carbohydrates attached to them in the ER to form glycoproteins. What does the ER then do with these secretory proteins?

  3. Besides packaging secretory proteins into transport vesicles, what is another major function of the rough ER?

  4. The transport vesicles formed from the rough ER fuse with the Golgi apparatus. Use this sketch to label the cisterna of the Golgi apparatus, and its cis and trans faces. Describe what happens to a transport vesicle and its contents when it arrives at the Golgi.

The vesicles surrounding the flattened membranous sacs Of the golgi process and package substances produced In the rough endoplasmic reticulum and secrete the Substances to other parts of the cell or to the cell Surface for export

  1. What is a lysosome? What do they contain? What is their pH?

Intracellular digestion sacs. Sacs of hydrolytic enzymes surrounded by a single membrane. 4 ph (cytosol is 7)

  1. One function of lysosomes is intracellular digestion of particles engulfed by phagocytosis. Describe this process of digestion. What human cells carry out phagocytosis?

Phagocytosis is a method of endocytosis where a cell engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome which allows the hydrolytic enzymes to break down the engulfed particle.

Concept 6 Mitochondria and chloroplasts change energy from one form to another

  1. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are not considered part of the endomembrane system, although they are enclosed by membranes. Sketch a mitochondrion here and label its outer membrane , inner membrane , inner membrane space , cristae , matrix , and ribosomes.

  2. Now sketch a chloroplast and label its outer membrane , inner membrane , inner membrane space , thylakoids , granum , and stroma. Notice that the mitochondrion had two membrane compartments, while the chloroplast has three compartments.

  3. What is the function of the mitochondria?

Site of cellular respiration, produces ATP for the cell

  1. What is the function of the chloroplasts? To synthesize sugar through absorbtion of light (which happens by chlorophyll and enzymes)

  2. Recall the relationship of structure to function. Why is the inner membrane of the mitochondria highly folded? What role do all the individual thylakoid membranes serve? (Same answer for both questions.) Chloroplasts and mitochondria both have ribosomes and their own DNA. You will learn later about their evolution, but for now hold onto these facts. They are semiautonomous organelles that grow and reproduce within the cell. And you’re lucky today— there is not a question here!

The reason they have highly folded inner membranes is because it allows for greater import and export of produced goods

AP Biology Reading Guide Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw

Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell

  1. Explain the important role played by peroxisomes.

Contains catalase which converts hydrogen peroxide (a waste product of cellular respiration) into water with the release of oxygen atoms. Detoxifies alcohol in liver cells.

SUMMARY

On these diagrams of plant and animal cells, label each organelle and give a brief statement of its function.

Concept 6 The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell

  1. What is the cytoskeleton?

Complex mesh of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm

  1. What are the three roles of the cytoskeleton? Maintains Cell shape Controls position of organelles within the cell by anchoring them to the plasma membrane Involved with the flow of the cytoplasm, known as cytoplasmic streaming Anchors the cells in place by interacting with extracellular elements

  2. There are three main types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton. Name them.

Actin or Myosin filaments (or even microfilaments) , Microtubules, Intermediate filaments

  1. Microtubules are hollow rods made of a globular protein called tubulin. Each tubulin protein is a dimer made of two subunits. These are easily assembled and disassembled. What are four functions of microtubules?

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 10 -

  1. Microfilaments are solid, and they are built from a double chain of actin. What are four functions of microfilaments? What are the motor proteins that move the microfilaments?

  2. Intermediate filaments are bigger than microfilaments but smaller than microtubules. They are more permanent fixtures of cells. Give two functions of intermediate filaments.

Concept 6 Extracellular components and connections between cells help coordinate cellular activities

47 What are three functions of the cell wall?

Keeping a plant cell from exploding.. it keep its shape, passage of nutrients from one plant cell to another, protects plant cell, prevents excessive water uptake

  1. What is the composition of the cell wall?

Cellulose and proteins, it varies from cell type

  1. What is the relatively thin and flexible wall secreted first by a plant cell? Primary Cell wall

  2. What is the middle lamella? Where is it found? What material is it made of? The thin wall gluing two adjacent cells together. It is made of pectin which glues adjacent cells together. Pectin is made out of sticky polysacchirdes

  3. Explain the deposition of a secondary cell wall. Deposited in several laminated layers, it has a strong and durable matrix that affords the cell protectionand support. Wood is an example

  4. On the sketch, label the primary cell wall , secondary cell wall , middle lamella , cytosol , plasma membrane , central vacuole , and plasmodesmata.

  5. Animal cells do not have cell walls, but they do have an extracellular matrix (ECM). On this figure, label the elements indicated, and give the role of each.

  6. What are the intercellular junctions between plant cells? What can pass through them?

Plasmodesmata, cytosol

  1. Animals cells do not have plasmodesmata. This figure shows the three types of intercellular junctions seen in animal cells. Label each type and summarize its role.

Testing Your Knowledge: Self-Quiz Answers Now you should be ready to test your knowledge. Place your answers here:

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Chapter 6 Reading guide completed AP bio

Course: Radiation Biology (BIO 202 )

University: Hagerstown Community College

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AP Biology Reading Guide
Fred and Theresa Holtzclaw
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. - 1 -
Name Period
Chapter 6: A Tour of the Cell
Concept 6.1 To study cells, biologists use microscopes and the tools of biochemistry
1. The study of cells has been limited by their small size, and so they were not seen and described
until 1665, when Robert Hooke first looked at dead cells from an oak tree. His contemporary,
Anton van Leeuwenhoek, crafted lenses; and with the improvements in optical aids, a new world
was opened. Magnification and resolving power limit what can be seen. Explain the difference.
Magnification: Ratio of actual size to visible size
Resolving power: Clarity
2. The development of electron microscopes has further opened our window on the cell and its
organelles. What is considered a major disadvantage of the electron microscopes?
Cell dies in the process
3. Study the electron micrographs in your text. Describe the different types of images obtained from:
scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Detail of surface textures (What it looks like)
transmission electron microscopy (TEM)
Detail of components (What makes up it)
4. In cell fractionation, whole cells are broken up in a blender, and this slurry is centrifuged several
times. Each time, smaller and smaller cell parts are isolated. This will isolate different organelles
and allow study of their biochemical activities. Which organelles are the smallest ones isolated in
this procedure?
Ribosomes
Concept 6.2 Eukaryotic cells have internal membranes that compartmentalize their functions
5. Which two domains consist of prokaryotic cells?
Archaea, Bacteria
6. A major difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells is the location of their DNA.
Describe this difference.

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