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Chapter 1 Mental Health and Mental Illness

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Course

Psychiatric Mental Health (NR.120.515)

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Academic year: 2019/2020
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~~~ Chapter 1: Mental Health and Mental

Illness~~~

 Introduction

o What are the previous conceptions about mental health?  That the individual was that the disposed soul and the only way it could be achieved if the soul returned.  Other believed that evil spirits or supernatural or magical powers had entered the body  Mental Health o What is mental health?  The successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment evidenced by thoughts feelings and behaviors that are age appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms.  Mental Illness o Why is mental illness hard to define?  B/c of the cultural factors that influence this concept o What are the two elements that are linked to a person’s perception of mental illness?  incomprehensibly: inability of the general population to understand the motivation behind the behavior  Cultural relativity:  the rules, conventions, and understanding about behavior that are norms or normal. o What is this an example of?  When a person observer is unable to find meaning or comprehensibility in behavior, they are likely to label that behavior as mental illness. o What is mental illness?  “maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, confirmed by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are contrasting with the local and cultural norms, and interfere with the individual’s social, occupational, and/or physical functioning”  Physical and Psychological response to stress o Physical Responses  What is Fight or Flight?  Is a general adaptation syndrome  What are the stages of fight or flight?

  1. Alarm
  • the responses of fight or flight begin

Morgan, K. I. (2019-10-16). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based

  1. Resistance
    • It's when a patient uses psychological responses of the first stage as a defense in an attempt to adapt to the stressor if the adoption happens the third stage is prevented or delayed and then physiological symptoms disappear.
  2. Exhaustion -when there is a prolonged exposure to the stressor the body has to adjust.
  • When the adaptive energy has been depleted that individual can no longer draw from the resources of the first two stages. this causes diseases of adoption like headaches coronary artery disease or mental disorders. if no intervention happens it can result to exhaustion and death.  What are the 2 biological responses in Fight or flight syndrome? o Immediate response  Hypothalamus stimulates the sympathetic nervous system.  like norepinephrine epinephrine to the blood system. o Sustained Reponses: is when the stress response is not relieved immediately, and the individual remains under stress for a long period of time.  The hypothalamus stimulates the Pituitary gland to release the hormones o Psychological responses  Anxiety and grief are two major primary psychological response patterns to stress.  What is anxiety?  A feeling of discomfort and apprehension related to fear of impending danger. The individual may be unaware of the source of his or her anxiety, but it is often accompanied by feelings of uncertainty and helplessness.  What are the four levels of anxiety?  Mild Anxiety o Everyday living o Prepares people for action o Sharpens senses and increases motivation for productivity o Learning is enhanced and the individual is able to function at optimal level.

Morgan, K. I. (2019-10-16). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based

expressed directly or altered through defense mechanisms  an example is and symptom of obsession phobia or sexual dysfunction  People who have neurosis are aware that they are experiencing distress that their behaviors are maladaptive there are unaware of any possible psychological causes of the distress they feel helpless to change and they experience no loss of contact with reality.  Panic o MOST Intense state of anxiety o Pt is unable to focus o Misperceptions are common o Loss of contact with reality o Hallucination or delusion o Behavior is wild and extreme withdrawal may happen o Panic anxiety is associated with terror o Prolonged panic anxiety can lead to physical and emotional exhaustion and can be life threatening. o Psychosis is defined as a significant thought of disturbance in which reality testing is impaired which results in the patient having delusions illusions disoriented speech or a catatonic behavior. o ANOSOGNOSIA that is when they are unaware of any psychological problems. o So what we see for patients who have psychosis they have minimal distress their emotions can be flat or inappropriate they are unaware of maladaptive behavior they are unaware of any psychological problems and they exhibit  A flight from reality into a less stressful world in which they are attempting to adapt select examples for this we will see schizophrenia schizoaffective and and delusional disorders.  In the mist of anxiety classification what behavioral responses to we see?

Morgan, K. I. (2019-10-16). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based

 Ego Defense Mechanism

1)Compensation - covering up a real or perceived weakness by empathizing a trait one considers more desirable 2)Rationalization -Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors 3)Denial - refusing to acknowledge the existence of the real situation or the feeling associated with it 4) Reaction Formation preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts Or types of behaviors. 5) Displacement the transfer of feeling from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that is neutral 6) Regression responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of development in the comfort Measures associated with the level of that Functioning 7) Identification - an attempt to increase self worth by acquiring certain attribute and characteristics of an individual one admires 8) Repression - Involuntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from ones awareness 9) Intellectualization - an attempt to avoid expressing actual emotional associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis. 10) Sublimation - rechanneling of drivers or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive. 11) Introjection - integrating the beliefs and values of another induvial into ones own ego structure. 12 Suppression - The voluntary blocking of unpleasant feeling and experiences from one’s awareness 13) Isolation - separating a thought or memory from the feeling , tone or emotion associated with it. 14) undoing - Symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable

Morgan, K. I. (2019-10-16). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based

o grief work usually lasts for about a year and the patient usually will experience each significant anniversary date for the time that they are without their loved one.  grief process may be prolonged if a patient had a love hate relationship with the individual it can cause feelings of anger towards themselves and it can also lead to feeling that one has contributed to the loss of the individual.  Bereavement overload: o Is when a patient has a number of losses in a relatively short amount of time  a patient has processed their morning when they have gained a sense of organization redefined their life without the loss without the loved one and pursued new interest and relationship.  What are 3 different types of Maladaptive Grief Reponses? o 1)prolong  Intense preoccupation with memories of lost one for many years after the loss has happened  behaviors linked to this stage is denial and anger an disorganization of function An intense emotional pain. o 2) delayed or inhibited  A person is fixed on the denial stage  emotional pain associated with loss is not experienced however anxiety disorders like phobias or sleeping disorders in eating disorders can be evident. o 3) Distorted.  patient is fixed on anger  all normal behaviors associated with grieving such as helplessness sadness anger guilt are exaggerated out of proportion  Patient will usually turn their anger inward on themselves and be consumed with despair in are unable to perform daily task  disoriented grief = pathological depression  Summary and key points  Review Questions

Morgan, K. I. (2019-10-16). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based

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Chapter 1 Mental Health and Mental Illness

Course: Psychiatric Mental Health (NR.120.515)

9 Documents
Students shared 9 documents in this course

University: Johns Hopkins University

Was this document helpful?
Psych 1
~~~ Chapter 1: Mental Health and Mental
Illness~~~
Introduction
oWhat are the previous conceptions about mental health?
That the individual was that the disposed soul and the only way it
could be achieved if the soul returned.
Other believed that evil spirits or supernatural or magical powers
had entered the body
Mental Health
oWhat is mental health?
The successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external
environment evidenced by thoughts feelings and behaviors that are
age appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms.
Mental Illness
oWhy is mental illness hard to define?
B/c of the cultural factors that influence this concept
oWhat are the two elements that are linked to a person’s perception of
mental illness?
incomprehensibly: inability of the general population to understand
the motivation behind the behavior
Cultural relativity: the rules, conventions, and understanding about
behavior that are norms or normal.
oWhat is this an example of?
When a person observer is unable to find meaning or
comprehensibility in behavior, they are likely to label that behavior
as mental illness.
oWhat is mental illness?
“maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external
environment, confirmed by the thoughts, feelings, and behaviors
that are contrasting with the local and cultural norms, and interfere
with the individual’s social, occupational, and/or physical
functioning”
Physical and Psychological response to stress
oPhysical Responses
What is Fight or Flight?
Is a general adaptation syndrome
What are the stages of fight or flight?
1) Alarm
- the responses of fight or flight begin
Morgan, K. I. (2019-10-16). Essentials of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing Concepts of Care in Evidence-Based
Practice, 8th Edition.

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