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Bosson TB03 - dsafd
Social and Cultural Analysis 101 (SCAUA101)
New York University
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Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Chapter 3: The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender
Test Bank
MULTIPLE CHOICE
As early as 1993, Biologist Ann Fausto-Sterling argued what about biological sex? A. that at least five or more biological sexes should be recognized B. that the cultural tendency to view sex as binary is largely correct C. that there are actually three biological sexes D. that the concept of biological sex is meaningless Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender Difficulty Level: Easy
Each method of sex verification testing in athletics has shortcomings because ______. A. biological sex is irrelevant to athletics B. there are actually three distinct sexes C. sex falls along a continuum from consistently female to consistently male D. there are no reliable hormonal differences between males and females Ans: C
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Nature and Nurture of Sex and Gender Difficulty Level: Medium
A gene-by-environment interaction occurs when ______. A. a genetic tendency emerges only under certain environmental circumstances B. environmental factors influence personality regardless of genetic makeup C. genetic predispositions emerge across different environments D. environments pressure the selection of specific genes and traits Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-1: Explain how nature and nurture interactively contribute to the development of sex and gender. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gene-by-Environment Interactions Difficulty Level: Easy
Which of the following is the best example of a passive gene-by-environment interaction? A. a genetically aggressive person choosing to consume violent media B. a child with an active temperament who elicits rough-and-tumble play from his peers C. genetically athletic parents who begin athletic training for their children at an early age D. strengthened neural connections due to early experiences of aggressive play Ans: C
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. People suffering from depression most likely had frequent, highly stressful experiences early in life. D. Depression spreads throughout social environments via emotional contagion. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gene-by-Environment Interactions Difficulty Level: Medium
The study of biological mechanisms that guide whether or not certain genes get expressed or activated is called ______. A. epigenetics B. metagenetics C. eugenics D. genetics Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Epigenetics Difficulty Level: Easy
The complex series of processes that unfolds as embryos transition into an individual with male, female, or intersex genitalia is called ______. A. sex selection B. sex differentiation
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. gender assignment D. genderization Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: How Do Nature and Nurture Shape Sex Differentiation? Difficulty Level: Easy
Which of the following best describes what determines a person’s biological sex? A. their external genitalia B. the specific combination of sex chromosomes (e., XX and XY) C. a combination of chromosomes, genes, hormones, and internal and external sex organs D. the combination of sex chromosomes and the external genitalia they produce Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typical Sex Differentiation Difficulty Level: Easy
What type of chromosome contains genes that code for attributes such as eye color, hair color, and height? A. allosome B. autosome
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. the presence or absence of an X chromosome D. the presence or absence of a Y chromosome Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typical Sex Differentiation Difficulty Level: Easy
The ______ is(are) the sex organ(s) responsible for producing sex cells and hormones. A. gonads B. genitalia C. genital ridge D. genital tubercle Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typical Sex Differentiation Difficulty Level: Easy
The gonads of female and male embryos begin to differ by sex in the ______ of development. A. third month B. second trimester
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 C. first week D. sixth week Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typical Sex Differentiation Difficulty Level: Easy
Which of the following is FALSE regarding the role of hormones in sex differentiation? A. The genital ridge develops into female internal genitalia in the absence of androgens. B. Gonads begin producing hormones by about the eighth week of gestation. C. In genetic females, the ovaries produce many hormones prenatally. D. Androgens initiate the biological masculinization in male genitalia. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Typical Sex Differentiation Difficulty Level: Medium
Which of the following best describes sex differences in the production of testosterone? A. Testosterone is the male hormone while estrogen and progesterone are the female hormones.
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 18. Based on both atypical and typical chromosomal patterns, what relationship appears to exist between chromosomal patterns and gender identity? A. The presence of a Y chromosome strongly predicts a male gender identity. B. The presence of an X chromosome strongly predicts a female gender identity. C. The presence of a third chromosome predicts male gender identity. D. People with atypical chromosomal patterns tend to identify as female. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intersex Conditions Difficulty Level: Medium
- Which of the following is NOT true of genetic females with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)? A. They often undergo feminization surgery of their genitalia in infancy. B. Most ultimately identify as male. C. They play with male typical toys more than their sisters without CAH. D. They show decreased satisfaction with their sex assignment. Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intersex Conditions Difficulty Level: Medium
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 20. People with conditions that make the cells of the body less responsive to androgens tend to ______. A. only affect the gender identity of females B. appear female at birth and develop a female gender identity C. develop gender identities inconsistent with their genetic sex if female D. be born with enlarged genitalia Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intersex Conditions Difficulty Level: Medium
- Which of the following is TRUE of the relationship between culture and the experiences of intersex individuals? A. Intersex individuals are at increased risk of violence in any culture. B. Western countries tend to be more inclusive of intersex individuals. C. All cultures tend to respond to intersexuality in the same manner. D. Social and legal exclusion of intersex individuals is unrelated to violence towards them. Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-2: Explain how chromosomes, genes, and hormones shape sex differentiation in both typical and atypical (intersex) cases. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Intersex Conditions Difficulty Level: Medium
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018
Dr. Johnson rejects optimal sex policies on ethical grounds. Which of the following recommendations is Dr. Johnson most likely to make to parents who give birth to an intersex child? A. consider surgery to ensure physical appearance is consistent with assigned sex B. offer treatments to ensure typical hormone levels for the child C. recommend postponing any treatments until the child becomes old enough to contribute to the decision D. advise parents to select the sex and raise their child as that sex Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Optimal Sex Difficulty Level: Hard
Which of the following best describes the case story of David Reimer, a genetic boy raised a girl? A. Reimer’s story is a perfect example of John Money’s views on gender identity. B. Reimer’s story indicates that gender identity cannot be entirely shaped by socialization. C. Reimer experienced no psychological trauma from being raised as a girl. D. Reimer’s story is inconsistent with larger studies of intersex individuals. Ans: B
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Identity Difficulty Level: Medium
The Meyer-Bahlburg (2005) study of genetic males who were raised as female found that ______. A. .6% experienced symptoms of gender dysphoria B. they were 37 times more likely to be transgender than the U. population as a whole C. most failed to develop the female gender identity they were socialized to adopt D. chromosomes and hormones are a more dominant influence upon gender identity than socialization Ans: B Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Identity Difficulty Level: Easy
Which best describes the implications of the Meyer-Bahlburg (2005) study (examining genetic males raised as females) for the nature versus nurture debate as it relates to the development of gender identity? A. Biological variables are a stronger influence than socialization. B. Chromosomes and hormones rarely override the influence of socialization and rearing. C. It is not possible to distinguish between biological (nature) and social (nurture) variables when studying gender identity development.
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. Twenty-seven percent of an individual’s conscientiousness traits are explained by his or her genes. C. Genes explain 27% of the population variance in conscientiousness D. Twenty-seven percent of the population will have conscientiousness traits explained entirely by their genes. Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Identity Difficulty Level: Medium
Heritability estimates are calculated by ______. A. comparing the similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins B. correlating the presence of specific genes with traits in a population C. manipulating the social environment in which dizygotic twins are raised D. administering hormones to one twin in a monozygotic pair Ans: A Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Identity Difficulty Level: Medium
Studies providing heritability estimates for gender identity suggest that ______. A. biological factors primarily contribute to gender identity status
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 B. social factors primarily contribute to gender identity status C. the heritability of gender identity is similar to the heritability of major personality traits D. socialization determines gender identity but only in the presence of specific chromosomal and hormonal patterns Ans: C Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Gender Identity Difficulty Level: Medium
Which of the following is TRUE of studies examining the heritability of masculine and feminine traits? A. For men, approximately 20–48% of their masculine traits is explained by genes. B. Feminine traits are more heritable than masculine traits. C. They find no genetic influences on sex-typed preferences for toys among children. D. Around 52–80% of the population variance in feminine and masculine traits is explained by social and environmental factors. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-3: Analyze the biological and sociocultural factors that shape sex assignment and gender identity. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Gender Identity Difficulty Level: Easy
In a review of longitudinal studies, White, Hughto and Reisner (2016) found what effects of hormone treatments among Transwomen and Transmen?
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 35. Which of the following is NOT true of sex differences in brain size? A. Male brains are on average 11% larger in volume than female. B. Women tend to have larger frontal pole cortexes (responsible for planning and decision making). C. Men tend to have large left hippocampuses (responsible for memory, learning, and emotion). D. Women’s left hemispheres are slightly larger when body size is taken into account. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-4: Evaluate evidence for sex differences in the brain and the prevalence of neurosexism. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sex Differences in the Brain Difficulty Level: Easy
- MRI allows researchers to look at brain ______ and fMRI allows them to examine brain ______. A. activity; function B. activity; hormones C. hormones; function D. structures; activity Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-4: Evaluate evidence for sex differences in the brain and the prevalence of neurosexism. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sex Differences in the Brain Difficulty Level: Easy
Bosson, The Psychology of Sex and Gender 1e SAGE Publishing, 2018 37. What is meant by neural plasticity? A. the various stages of neural development from birth to early adulthood B. the vulnerability of specific brain structures to hormonal imbalances C. the brain’s ability to generate new neurons in adulthood D. the brain’s ability to reorganize physically in response to environmental factors Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-4: Evaluate evidence for sex differences in the brain and the prevalence of neurosexism. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sex Differences in the Brain Difficulty Level: Easy
- Ruigrok et al., (2014) found that, compared to women, men tend to show greater volume in the left amygdala (a part of the limbic system involved in processing and expressing emotions, especially fear). What can be concluded from this finding? A. Sex differences in fear expression are more driven by nature than nurture. B. That men tend to have better memories of highly emotional experiences. C. Men will generally feel more afraid than women. D. This finding alone is not indicative of any meaningful sex differences in emotional experiences. Ans: D Learning Objective: 3-4: Evaluate evidence for sex differences in the brain and the prevalence of neurosexism. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Equating the Brain with “Nature” Difficulty Level: Hard
Bosson TB03 - dsafd
Course: Social and Cultural Analysis 101 (SCAUA101)
University: New York University
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