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History 105 Tamu Exam 1
(HIST 1301) History of the United States (HIST 105)
Texas A&M University
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History 105 TAMU Chapter 1: A New World
- What were the patterns of Native American life in North America before Europeans arrived? Approximately 10 million men, women, and children who crossed from the old world to the new world between 1492 and 1820, the vast majority, about 7. million, were African Americans. The new world had become the site of many forms of unfree labor, including indentured servitude, forced labor, and one of the most brutal and unjust systems, plantation slavery. About 9,000 years ago, at the same time that agriculture was being developed in the Near east, it also emerged in modern day Mexico and the Andes, and then spread to other parts of the Americas, making settled civilizations possible. The Hemisphere contained cities, roads, irrigation systems, extensive trade networks, and large structures such as the pyramid-temples whose beauty still inspires wonder. With a population close to 250,000, Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec empire in what is now Mexico, was one of the world’s largest cities. It’s population of perhaps 12 million was linked by a complex system of roads and bridges that extended 2,000 miles along the Andes mountain chain. No society north of Mexico had achieved literacy (although some made maps on bark and animal hides). Their “backwardness” became a central justification for European conquest. Indian societies had perfected techniques of farming, hunting, and fishing, developed structures of political power and religious belief, and engaged in far- reaching networks of trade and communication. Around 3,500 years ago, before Egyptians built the pyramids, Native Americans constructed a large community centered on a series of giant semicircular mounds on a bluff overlooking the Mississippi river in present-day Louisiana. More than a thousand years before Columbus sailed, Indians of the Ohio River valley, called Mound builders, by the eighteenth-century settlers who encountered the large earthen burial mounds they created, had traded across half the continent. After their decline, another culture flourished in the Mississippi river valley, centered on the city of Cahokia near present-day St. Louis, fortified community with between 10,000 and 30,000 inhabitants in the year 1200. It stood as the largest settled community in what is now the U until surpassed in population by New York and Philadelphia around 1800. In the arid northwestern area of present-day Arizona, the Hopi and Zuni and their ancestors engaged in settled village life for over 3,000 years. During the peak of the regions culture, between the years 900 and 1200, these peoples built great planned towns with large multiple-family dwellings in local canyons, constructed dams and canals to gather and distribute water, and conducted trade with groups as far away as central Mexico and the Mississippi River Valley.
After the decline of these communities, probably because of drought, survivors moved to the south and east, where they established villages and perfected the techniques of desert farming. In eastern North America, hundreds of tribes inhabited towns and villages scattered from the Gulf of Mexico to present day Canada. Tribes frequently warred with one another to obtain goods, seize captives, or take revenge for the killing of relatives. In the Southeast, the Choctaw, Cherokee, and Chickasaw each united dozens of towns in loose alliances. In present-day New York and Pennsylvania, five Iroquois peoples- the Mowhawk, Oneida, Cayuga, Seneca, and Onondaga- formed Great leagues of peace, bringing a period of stability to the area. Indian identity centered on the immediate social group- a tribe, village, chiefdom, or confederacy. Spiritual power, they believed, suffused the world, and sacred spirits could be found in all kinds of living and inanimate things-animals, plants, trees, water, and wind. In all Indian societies, those who seemed to possess special abilities to invoke supernatural powers-shamans, medicine men, and other religious leaders- held positions of respect and authority. Indians saw land as a common resource, not economic commodity. There was no market in real estate before the coming of Europeans. Generosity was among the most valued social qualities, and gift giving was essential to Indian society. Membership in a family defined women’s lives, but they openly engaged in premarital sexual relations and could even choose to divorce their husbands. Indian women owned dwellings and tools, and a husband generally moved to live with the family of his wife. Europeans tended to view Indians in extreme terms. They were regarded either as “Noble savage,” gentle, friendly and superior in some ways to Europeans, or uncivilized and brutal savages. 2. How did Indian and European ideas of freedom differ on the eve of contact? Indians did not define freedom as individual autonomy or tie it to the ownership of property-two attributes important to Europeans. The modern notion of freedom as personal independence had little meaning in most Indian societies, but individuals were expected to think for themselves and did not always have to go along with collective decision-making. Christian Liberty, however, had no connection to later ideas of religious toleration; a noting that scarcely existed anywhere on the eve of colonization.
What impelled European explorers to look west across the Atlantic? The European conquest of America began as an offshoot of the quest for sea route to India, China, and the islands of the East Indies, the source of the silk, tea, spices, porcelain, and other luxury goods. Between 1405 and 1433, Admiral Zheng led seven large naval expeditions in the Indian Ocean. After 1433 the government ended support for long distance maritime expeditions.
Three different models for understanding of the europen expansion and Transformation of the New World (Conquest model, Holocaust model, and encounter model) 14 th and 15th century The Conquest model is the oldest historical model for the understanding of the expansion and transformation of the New World. The conquest model tells a story of heroic adventures, missionaries, soldiers, who bring home the victory. In doing so, opens up a vast virgin continent to the economic development. The obvious problem of course is Eurocentric, its racist, offensive, and it only tells one side of the story. Traditionally the telling of the history has always featured, that the winner tells the history. The Holocaust Model is focusing on the terrible expansion for the Native Americans, and for Africans. At the time of the first contact between western Europeans and the Americans, the estimates fun anywhere from 70-100 million people. Perhaps fewer or more, and we know that the consequences of contact, exploration, settlement, colonization, was catastrophic for the native Americans. With the first 100 years of initial contact many historical people argue that 80 million Native Americans perished. One historian has characterized this as the American Holocaust because of the genocide that happened to the European contact. Diseases were the primary cause of death to the Native Americans. Small pox, influenza, flu, and measles. It was not purposeful; the Native Americans didn’t have the antibodies to fight of and protect them. If we are using the term “Holocaust” to describe the impact on terms of those deadly diseases, what are we inferring? That there was purpose and intent. The Europeans are aware of the Native Americans getting ill, but they lack the knowledge of the germs. Many Europeans are going to attribute it to the hands of providence, when English puritans come to Massachusetts bay, they don’t find many Native Americans. They exclaimed that God had cleared the Way for them, but the reality was that they killed them with their diseases. Regardless of how capable the Europeans were to spreading the disease, they were going to still conquer the Indians one way or another, by killing them if they had to. 40 years after the puritans had come, they surrounded an Indian village and killed everybody in the village and probably killed hundreds. There are some evidence that suggest that at least in the American west in the 19th century that there is at least one well documented instant, where an army post quite purposely and consciously distributed one incidence among 1 group of native Americans who lived nearby were infected with small pox. This could be an early instance of biological warfare.
For the most part, the horrific loss of life that follows the introduction to these diseases, there is no clear intent to do this. The Holocaust model has one great virtue; it enforces us to confront the enormous tragedy that is part of the Spanish and American era. It is an incredibly devastating human tragedy. This model forces us to come to terms to what happen. One of the failings of the holocaust model is that deals and depicts African slavery, that there is a connection between the native Americans loss of life and the introduction of African slavery in America. The Europeans were expecting the Indians to work for them, as Native American population were diminishing, they turn to Africa and replace to Indians. Over the course of the 15th and 19th century that 20 million Africans were enslaved and brought to the Americas. When we talk about an American Holocaust we are talking about two events, the horrific loss of life of Native Americans, the destruction Native American culture and we are also talking about African slavery. Another major failing the Holocaust model is that it depicts both Native Americans and Africans only as victims; Native Americans are the victims of losing life. Africans are victims of a monstrous institution of human slavery. The Encounters Model this is the most appealing model because it tells a story of European expansion and the openings of the Americas and the transformation of Africa. It tells a story that emphasizes three groups of people: Europeans, Africans and Native Americans. They recognize that they all had different cultures and views. The Encounters model, the importance of it is it vouched that the story of the Americas is a complex story involving a diverse group of people. It also strives to include Africans and Native Americans as groups that contributed and not victims of the expansion of the new world. Native Americans had two ways of dealing with murder, One-Way is called The cover the death: the family of the murderer had to pay compensation. and something to raise the dead: where the family of the deceased is presented with a slave. The Colombian exchange refers the exchange of plants, animals, culture and disease between Europeans, Native Americans And Africans. The Europeans that come here are introduced to corn, maize, potatoes, and tomatoes. The Europeans will bring sugarcane, domestic livestock. The most tragic exchange is the introduction of disease. Chapter 2: Beginnings of English American
- What were the main contours of English Colonization in the 17th Century? The English Government granted charters to Sir Humphrey Gilbert and Sir Walter Raleigh, authorizing them to establish colonies in North America at their own expense. Both ventures failed, in 1585, Raleigh dispatched a fleet of five ships with some 1oo colonists to set up a base on Roanoke Island, off the New Carolina coast.
To counteract the attraction of Indian life, the leaders of New England encouraged the publication of captivity narratives by those captured by Indians. The most popular was The Sovereignty and Goodness of God by Mary Rowlandson, who was seized with other settlers and held for three months until ransom during the Indian War in the 1670s. The Half-way Covenant in 1662 tried to address this problem by allowing for the baptism of and a kind of “half way” membership for grandchildren of those who emigrated during the great migration. Overtime, the document came to be seen as embodying the idea of English Freedom that the king was subject to the rule of law, and that all persons should enjoy security of person and property.
Day two Lecture: The English New World 1/25/ The story of the English New world with protestant reformation the idea of a protestant reformation is a basic split between the Christian churches. The classic reformation is at the beginning of the story of English expansion to the Americas. The English king who is most recognized for beheading his wives and starting the English church, which was King Henry, The eighth. It is his sexual over indulgence that leads to the break with the Roman Catholic Church and the creation of the English Church. He had married Spanish women first in 1509 and after 20 years of marriage, he had grown tired of her and he claimed that she could not bear him a son. He wanted a divorce and at that period, once you got married, that’s it. H petitions the pope, but the pope said no. Henry the eighth will repute the Roman Catholic Church and establish the English church. He left her in 1529 and moves to take English church lands. He wanted the land for the revenue, which would help him consolidate England. There are four important consequences that break up the Roman Catholic Church. The first consequence is the birth of Elizabeth I. She is going to become queen of England in 1558 and has a long reign till 1603. She is considered the greatest monarch in English history. England triumph at land, see, and in the human spirit. Through her reign there were important steps taken for English Expansion. The second consequence a long period of intermittent warfare between England and Spain. This period of warfare, is carried out by the English largely by see dogs, who were privateers, individuals who sailed around the globe and engaged in acts of piracy, but were sanction and had the blessing of queen Elizabeth. The 3rd consequence was the coming of the puritans and other religious reforms. They wanted to purify the English church, by getting rid of a lot of various practices such as the wearing of the priest investments, kneeling during prayer time, and lightening of vocal candles.
The 4th Consequence of Henry’s break with the Roman Catholic Church, had to do with a period of economic change and transformation that comes to England at the end of the 16th century. Henry gets a lot of land from the churches and is going to establish and lead to a real estate boom. One of the consequences to the buying and selling of the land was a pattern of taking land of crop production and using it pastor for livestock. His land was converted from crops to livestock, a lot of English man and woman lost their jobs and pushed off the land. This leads to the perception that there were to many Englishman and woman and not enough land for jobs to support them. This real estate boom is going to make English merchants really rich. These made the English people think that since there was to many people here, that maybe some could move to “ New England’s” in the Americas. Columbus was looking to sail to Asia and China, but ran into the Americas instead. English man named Sir Humphrey gilbert was one of the first Englishman to begin to think about America as something other than an obstacle. He sees an opportunity to use America to build naval bases. On one of his voyages to North America, he was caught in a fierce North Atlantic Hurricane and his ships were sunk in 1583. Gilbert had a half brother named Sir Walter Walley, which shared his brother’s interests and was one of the favorites of the King. He was then set off to the Americas in 1584, but only lasts about a year. A year or so later, the English were still interested and they cam back. This time they were lead by John White, who was an artist. When he brings a group of English man, women, and children, he really had something else in mind rather than building another naval base. White was probably the first Englishman to try to carry off a vision of to bringing women and children to the Americas because it could be a place of transplanting, some of the surplus population. White stays a short time and leaves the people he brought behind, while he went back to England to bring back supplies and more people with him in 6 to 9 months. (1587) What happens the nest year of course was the attack of the Spanish omatta against England. White is unable to return until 3 years later in 1590. Comes back and he finds the location of the community and the building still stand, but there was nobody there. He searches and he could not find them. The only clue was a board attached to a pole, with an Indian word (krono). With the death of Elizabeth I in 1603, the groundwork had already been paved for successful English expansion. The Establishment of James town was established a few years later in 1607. James town Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in North America is going to built on a so-called “Joint stock Company (Virginia company of London).”
He has heard the stories of starvation and cannibalism, given the history of the settlement, he expects the guys that survived to be planting crops and working at this time. He finds the English celebrating and playing games and really drunk.
- Spring 1612—Governor Dale presides over the execution of settlers who have run away to live with the Native Americans.
Some are hanged and burned to death, even tortured to death.
B. Problems of early Jamestown and the colony of Virginia
- Absence of effective leadership and government.
A joint stock company established James town, a business organization and the king had granted this company its license to operate. Leadership was suppose to operate like this, the king was counting on the fact that the company would establish a government council and it would be in London so that the king could keep an eye on it. The theory was that the company would make decisions for James town, instructions would be sent to another council with less authority. A highly complex government with the king passing leadership. If it had not been for John Smith, was one of the few English settlers who was a realist and realized of the dreams that was supposed to happen in James town was not going to be fulfilled. This is the story of pochantus. He guided the settlers to building houses and making food. He was injured in a gunpowder explosion and was not present in the winter event in 1609-1610.
- Labor problem–“lazy” Englishmen
They were lazy, the governor arrives and the settlers should have been working plowing crops and making houses, but he finds them drinking and having fun playing games. The Englishman were accustomed to working a few hours a day.
- Character of the settlers–disjunction between original goals and the reality of the Chesapeake.
OF the first 105 settlers, 36 of them were “gentleman,” were individuals that could earn a good living without physical labor. They did not intend of work. They were hoping for to find wealthy groups of Native Americans and beat up on them, and take their gold and silver and force them to work. They hoped they could find the passage to that leads to china. Some of them spend time looking around on the land. (North west Passage) Jamestown would become a naval base. They wanted to do their thing for 7 years and be gone. They recruited poorly and they find themselves in a huge struggle to survive.
- Virginia’s Native Americans
The Native Americans were in small groups; they weren’t nearly as wealthy or intelligent. The English do get help from the Native Americans in James Town would have not last 9 months. They finally grew tired of the English; in 1622 they rise up and drive them to the sea. They killed about 40 percent of the English and they came pretty close to winning. The Mortality rate at the time was about 80-85 percent, that out of all the English people to set foot would die within 15 months. The terrible mortality rate was short and cheap in Jamestown adds to the chaos. They are dying from diseases and salt poisoning.
C. From Company to Colony
- Reforms of Sir Edwin Sandys–head rights, tenantry, end martial law, self- government.
He was a major shareholder and in 1618 and introduced a series of reforms to try to save the company’s investment. Aimed at trying to get more businessman and more investors, by offering them 50 acres when they arrived to James town. More workers, he gives incentives to investors and servants. Most of the people that went to James town was Indentured Servants, were generally teenage boys that were poor who agreed to work for the company for seven years. As a tenate, you would keep half of the economic value that your labor created during the seven years you worked. As an Indentured servant, all you were promised was food and a roof over year head. The system of tenantry promised if you lived with them, you would be given 50 acres of land to start your new life. He promises for at least for the investors that go to Virginia that they would be given some political voice in the state of Virginia. The House of Burgess was established in 1619 as part of a package of reforms that was established by Sir Edwin Sandys.
- Continuing problems–high mortality among settlers, Indian attack of 1622
Another 4,000 Englishman came to Virginia in the early 1620s and after 3 years, the population in 1624 was barely 1,000. As Englishman entered Virginia, they died of various diseases such as typhoid, dysentery, struggling to feed itself. The new settlers had to come in the summer time, which was the deadliest season in terms of sickness and health concerns.
The atonic river, raponic, York and the james river. Because the best tobacco land was located along these rivers. The rivers are located there because they need to be exported. So it is convenient for them. The trading ships can come up river and have there own private dock and pick up tobacco. The population is going to spread out along these rivers. So no major urban center in 17th century Virginia. The tremendous money that can be made by tobacco and the exploration by poor labors, is going to make Virginia a nasty place. The reports are in the first 20 to 25 years the English man that are making money, are not using the money to build houses. They are living in run down buildings. Collapsing all the time. The society maintains predominantly male society, lacking a stabilizing force of a family.
E. Settling Down, 1630's and 1640's
1 ) Death rate declines
Virginia is starting to become a more stable economy. They living a little longer, it is beginning to decline. Quality of life is improving because they are a little healthier. For several reasons, the English that went to James town, turns out that it is locate on a junction on the river, where the freshwater is mixing with salt water. That mixture of water turns out to be a laboratory that supported germs that killed the English. By the 1630s, the English are moving up stream, as they move; they are going to live a bit longer.
- Pastoral agriculture takes hold
Another reason that health is getting better, they learn from the Native Americans how to practice pastoral agriculture. What was the Key to Native American Agriculture? It was the Native Americans were farmers, especially the women. How did Native American cultivate their soil? The principle crops that they grew were corn, maize, beans, squash and this is how they used the land. When preparing for the Agriculture, they cleared the land. Clearing the land was pretty hard work. A lot of physical labor. Native Americans aren’t that interested in having a perfectly clear well clear field. Instead they recognize to kill the trees and killing the trees left all the leaves, would be gone and sun could penetrate the ground. They would kill the trees through a process that the English called girdling. You cut a deep rim of the circumference of the tree that would kill the tree. When the crop is useless, they move to another piece of land and do the same thing. It is a type of land use that is conserving labor.
- Living with impermanence
The English have a problem with labor. By the 1630s to 1640s, the English have adopted Indian style agriculture. They discovered that they could raise large herds of domestic livestock, mainly cattle’s and hogs. By releasing the animals in the land. They are going to do very well in Virginia. The supply of Protein added to the diet is going to improve health. They begin to grow lots of apples, peaches, and this provided the juices. Alcoholic beverages through out the year and as they consume more alcohol that water, they live longer. Water that they drank was often had human waste in it. Fresh juice and alcohol is going to make for a healthier lifestyle. By 1653, the population reached 25,000. When we talk about Massachusetts, they had a population of 20,000 in five years. By the 1640s and 1650s, Virginia noticed that women had much longer lives than man. They didn’t have an explanation for it. For the women that did come, they had a number of husbands. If women married well, she could get the estate when the husband dies. By the 1650s, young English man beginning to come to Virginia and see these ladies that are old and they pursue these women. They are looking for the estates. There are a lot of orphans during this time, the parents had to plan for there children’s lives.
Day five Lecture: Bacons Rebellion and Slavery 1/29/
A. Labor and the Tobacco Boom
- At the beginning of the tobacco boom white servant labor worked the farms and plantations.
Bond servants, Apprentices Duty boys Tenants
Apprentices you are very young, around eleven years old. You serve seven years as an Apprentice, and then you serve another seven years as a bondservant. There were many provisions that were set up in many of the agreements between the apprentices. If an apprentice/servant was disobedient to their master, the masters had the ability to “Turn the Clock” back to there first day of service. The planters are doing everything they can to keep their servants. Even if they got out, the servants did not have much skill besides growing Tobacco. They needed land for that to happen and the planters decided that since all the best land can be taken up, they buy them. So this makes it difficult for the freedman, maybe it’s so hard that they will be forced back into servants.
revolutionary underclass
Once the freedman became free, they became rebellions. There was a need for a new labor force.
- Slavery and Mortality–search for a more permanent labor force
England did not have any tradition of slavery, but when they came to the Americas, they learn about it from the Spanish and Portuguese. Bacons rebellion changes everything in terms of labor. The English preferred white servants, but since they became freedman, they were no longer viable. They also thought that slaves were expensive. So the Englishman gave it another thought because there were benefits that came with African Slaves. For one, they were slaves for life. Since the slave ship was passed on to the children, they also had a prospect of increasing the labor force.
Slave Trade-Royal African Company, 1672
Why are Africans enslaved?
They needed to have labor for the tobacco business, the first labor first was white servant labors and the system started to unravel. They didn’t enslave the Native Americans because they could slip away very easily. The skin color had a lot to do with it. Did slavery lead to racism? Or was it the other way around? It is kind of like a chicken and egg question. The answer is a little bit of both. They described blackness with negative connation’s and prejudice. Bacons rebellion had a lot to do with African enslavement. There was some evidence of blacks before the Bacons rebellion.
Day half of 6,7, half of 8 Lecture: A City on the Hill 2/1/
The puritans as a group were really different. When John Winthrop, the leaping leader of the English puritans. He is not a minister, but when and the first ship had come, he tells his fellow puritans we are as a city on the hill. This signifying that he believes that this group of puritans had entered a special agreement with god. That God had charged a mission for the puritans to do his will in America. That they are special, if they do what god asked them to do then they will prosper. If they screw up, he said that God is going to be harsh. This is going to be a community to be directed by the religious beliefs. This is a striking difference between Virginia and Massachusetts.
A. Puritanism and Stereotypes
They were very plain, they were serious, sober minded, thought of having fun is bad. They always wore dark clothing. Lincoln said that the Puritans “ to be a Puritan is someone who worries all the time, that either your family neighbor or someone you don’t even know might be having a good time.” The puritans are actually did not wore dark clothing, they did wear colorful clothing. They like to laugh. Another stereotype is that they did not consume alcoholic beverages, which was not true. They considered it be a gift of God. They used it in moderation and they made beer out of everything even pumpkin beer. They were really big on education. Sex? They liked sex, they had a natural attitude about sex.
B. English Origins of Puritanism
- Henry VIII and the Protestant Reformation
Connection to Henry VIII, his reputation the Roman Catholic Church. He took up a long of land that in the late 1500s, the economy became uncertain. All of the economic change helps create the perception that there were to many Englishman living in England. When human beings live through great changes, they respond in two ways, some adapt very well, on the other hand some do not like change.
- Disciplines and Order
The man and women that are going to become English puritans are individuals responded to the change and look at the change as a loss of personal discipline, the collapse of community order. The Puritans want to do two things: first of all they assist on a clergy, ministers who universally educated highly educated. Second they have an interest in what a church is. They want to create true churches, a true church is going to be a voluntarily organization of Gods elected people.
- Separatists settle Plymouth
Separatists are a group that was said to have the first thanksgiving. Separatists are people who felt strong about the English church being corrupt. Believed that the Church of England was really corrupt, they feel compelled to separate themselves from the Church of England. In 1620, they went to New England a set up the colony of Plymouth. Never really becomes a big colony. It is a humble God full of Community. The openly did not like the church.
- Non-Separatists settle Massachusetts Bay
sinners and a majority of them are going to hell. This is a hard idea, what incentive did they have to do the right thing, try to live a good life?
- Conversion
Believed in the practice of Conversion, something that Christians today believe in. For the Puritans, conversion meant that even though a majority of the people are dirty rotten sinners, some Christians undergo a conversion experience. It provided hope that some might be able to go to heaven. The overall goals of the Puritans are to raising a university clergy and also to establish true churches. They take the conversion experiences so seriously that in order to become a member of one of the churches, you had to demonstrate by explaining the circumstance of the conversion. You had to convince them that you had a genuine conversion and if they believe you, it entitled you to become a member of the church. Only church members could vote in civil court. The churches that the Non-separatist are establishing are called Congregational Organizations meaning that each church is going to run its own affairs. Not just one church, there are dozens of churches.
D. Covenanted Community and Discord
The first 30 years or so are successful about completing the objectives that they have set up for themselves. They were primarily interested in creating a community that that surrounded by the church. Community that is going to keep a watchful eye on there peers. The conflict that develops in 1660, rose out of how seriously the Puritans take on about their religion. Conflict is going to grow out of disagreements about Puritan theology and about puritan ideas.
- Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson
Early conflict arose in the 10 to 15 years is going to take the form of two individuals, Roger Williams and Anne Hutchinson. Roger Williams was a Puritan who came to the bay in 1634, four years after the colony had been established. He was a University educated minister. Really charismatic, people like him. He gathered a following around himself and set up a church. He got himself in trouble because he took Puritans ideas so seriously that he pushed the ideas to some instances to the point of craziness. His interpret became a craft of the community itself. Puritans believed that they had been called upon by God to do wondrous things, but the main thing they understood about humans, is that they were sinful. They would always fail in the effort because they were flawed human beings. Roger Williams is a perfectionist; he forgot that he was a sinful human being. For instance, one of the issues he raised
from day one, is that the puritans appreciate how important the charter was, and he looks at the charter and says that “the king that he did not own. We need to send the charter back to the king and that he has given away something that he does not own and that therefore the king needs to talk to the Native Americans.” For one thing it would be insulting to the king that he screwed up. Besides this sending the charter back and require the king to correct there mission and by doing so, would blow the whole thing for the Puritans. Williams raises a second question, which was more serious, he absolutely determined to create a truly true church. He is going to become increasing exclusive in terms of his church. He pushes the obsession of the true church to the point that has a church just down to two people, himself and his wife. In the end, he had doubts about his wife. In the end, roger is kicked out by the main body of Puritans. He moves to Rhode Island and sets up his own church. Anther problem that Williams raised was that the puritans believed in the separation of Church and State. Anne Hutchinson was a remarkable woman, she came to the bay following John Cotton, and she was a midwife meaning that she provided health to women in childbirth. She was very gifted, and really smart. Was not a minister, but knew the scripture really well. She started to invite members of her church, (John Cotton) back to her house after Sunday service and the purpose was to discuss the minister sermon that day. The course of the regular Sunday discussions, she came to the conclusion that aside from her minister, the great majority of the ministers in the colony were preaching false doctrine. She called the minsters hypocrites, because they are coming up with there own interpretations to the text. Outside of John Cotton, everybody else was wrong. She then began to argue that when someone was converted, she says that with that event, the Holy Spirit came to live with that person’s body. A truly converted person could tell who was also converted. People wanted her to go, but she wasn’t as willing to leave like John Williams. The puritans decided they needed to convict her with heresy preaching and discussing false doctrine. If they could convict her, they could vanish her. The ministries come together and decide her fate. Of course there challenge was to make her look foolish by asking her difficult questions about Puritan theology. She knows her stuff so well and she is so articulate that after two days of questions, she has answered successfully everything that they threw at her. After the end of the second day, they cease her as a threat of Puritan unity. Winthrop threw her best and she has triumph, they kind of shut up and she sets it up for victory. At first they try to shut her up, then he lets her go and she continued to talk and tells them she knew she would be persecuted as soon as she left for the bay. They ask her how did she know? She said how did Abraham know what God wanted him to do? Is God talking to her? She said yes and the Puritans at the time believe at the time that the age of direct revelation of community was in the past. She is convicted of heresy. She leaves and is head for the Dutch colony in New York City and was killed by a group of Native Americans.
- Quakers
Who come in 1640s and 1650s! They were a protestant movement, historically of
History 105 Tamu Exam 1
Course: (HIST 1301) History of the United States (HIST 105)
University: Texas A&M University
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