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APUSH AMSCO Chapters 8 & 9 Reading Notes
Topics In American Studies (HIST 487R)
University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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AP US HistoryPreview text
Key Concept 4 Market Revolution: Industrialization
*Please note that you will find the information for this in both Chapters 8 & 9 of AMSCO; All but immigration can be found in America; Everything can be found in Chapter 8 of American YAWP- which is especially great for the immigration section. Everything can also be found in Give Me Liberty
Define Market Revolution (Remember the 5 Ws)
The Market Revolution was a period of significant change as well as progression and advancement in areas of transportation and communication technology. It coincided directly with the Industrial Revolution, territorial expansion, and helped lead to the creation of a national market. It occurred from 1812 all the way to 1850 and occurred throughout the U. It also impacted infrastructure throughout the U., migration to the West, and many urban regions in the North. It impacted many women, small farmers, slaves, inventors, as well as business owners. It occurred as a result of the Industrial Revolution as well as the rise of corporate businesses which favored wage labor over traditional subsistence farming and bartering systems. It led to the creation of the Cotton Kingdom, which revolutionized and reengaged people in being involved with slavery, produced economic systems being established with agriculture, urbanization in the North, and introduced wage labor.
Define Putting- out system
The Putting-out system is a work system that was heavily used in the 19th century that divides production into specific steps and operations performed by different workers, and where merchants and investors distributed materials to individuals and families to complete at private homes. These workers would then turn over the partially completed goods and inventions to the owner to be given to the next laborer to work and the process would repeat until the goods were completely finished which then would be sold into the market.
Define Wage Labor
Wage labor is a system where people labored for wages where the worker sells his or her labor under an employment contract. Often, individuals in the lower class would labor for low wages and become trapped in endless, repeating cycles of poverty.
Transportation Revolution Interchangeable Parts Cotton Kingdom Manufacturing When: 1800s-1840s
What: Standardized pieces of a machine that were identically produced so that they could be easily replaced in case something happened to a
Where: The Deep South region (Mississippi, South Carolina, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana)
What: Manufacturing is the production of goods on an industrial scale. Manufacturing in the U changed with the putting-out system, which allowed for goods to be made in the homes of laborers allowing for a more efficient production rate for goods to be put into the economy and marketplace. What: The Transportation Revolution was a series of developments that made transportation safer, cheaper and more efficient in the United States. This was through railroads, canals, and steamboats. The revolution led to the development of the continental economy by 1860, where goods, people, and markets were being extended
Who: Created by Eli Whitney, who used them in assembling muskets and Northeastern manufacturers and industries
How did it come about: The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 by Eli Whitney allowed cotton to be produced quickly and be cultivated on a larger scale. By eliminating the laborious task of removing cotton seeds by hand, cotton became a profitable crop, and the South was able to keep up with the heavy demand for cotton in the North, who used cotton for textiles.
When: 1790 and beyond
and contributed towards westward expansion. Canals: The Erie Canal was built in upstate New York in 1825 and typified the developing transportation infrastructure by being financed by the state government. The 343-mile canal allowed for the transportation of goods and crops between the Great Lakes and New York City, which attracted farmers migrating from New England. With this came the development of cities such as Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse. By 1837, 3,000 miles of canals had been built, which linked the Atlantic states with the Ohio and Mississippi Valleys and drastically reduced the cost of transportation.
Importance to Market Revolution: The process allowed unskilled workers to be able to mass produce goods or repair products more efficiently and for cheaper. rather than having to have skilled craftsman construct machines such as guns, regular workers were now able to manufacture them quickly.
Causation Importance to Market Revolution: After the development of the cotton gin, it became possible for cotton to be harvested on a massive scale. As a result, it then became possible for the Industrial Revolution to occur with textiles in the Northeast like Britain as they now had enough material to produce textiles on an industrial scale.
Where: Northeast United States and eventually the West
Railroads: First long-distance rail line launched from Maryland in 1827 aimed to link the agricultural products of the trans-Appalachian West to the Chesapeake Bay. Similar projects were carried out throughout the East Coast. State and local governments provided funding for the projects, but economic collapse after 1837 made governments wary of funding the railroad projects further. Railroad corporations developed as a result. by 1860, there were more than 30, railroads, but it trailed in the South due to rivers.
Technological developments in Communications Samuel Morse persuaded Congress to fund a 40-mile telegraph line from DC to Baltimore in 1843. This allowed for faster communication. The telegraph itself was invented by Morse in the 1830’s and made instantaneous communication and the spread of information possible. Messages could be sent through patterns of electrical pulses (Morse code).
Importance to Market Revolution: The cotton produced in the Cotton Kingdom was in extremely high demand because water-powered textile factories in England and the American Northeast needed cotton to turn into cloth. Cotton was considered one of the most important components of the backbone of the American economy. Northern textile mills spun it into cloth and fancy fabrics, southern planters sold it to Europe and purchased goods, and New York speculators loaned money for the purchase of land and slaves. It also increased the demand for slavery increase.
Samuel Slater Samuel Slater was referred to as the <father of the factory system= in the 1790s. He memorized plans for industrial machinery such as from England and smuggled them to the United States. One of the machines he had memorized to build was a power-driven spinning jenny, which was key to the early industrial revolution. Slater also established the first American factory in 1790.
Steamboats: The Clermont, a steamboat created by Robert Fulton, navigated the Hudson River from New York City to Albany and the viability of steamboats. Steamboats made transport through the U’s major rivers and across the Great Lakes possible because they were able to travel upstream. Steamboats filled the waters of the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. Downstream routes became two-way highways and allowed for trade between the North and south and East and West.
Role in the rise of manufacturing: The Cotton Kingdom provided the raw materials needed to start the mass manufacturing of cotton and the first Industrial Revolution in the Northeast. Water-powered textile factories used southern cotton in both Britain and New England to produce cloth and fabrics to be sold in the market economy.
Lowell Mills: The Lowell Mills were New England textile mills that relied heavily on labor from children and women. The mills were worked by the daughters of farmers, nicknamed the Mill Girls, who were allowed to work under the condition that they set boarding houses with strict rules and regulations. Irish women would later take their place.
Define Gender Roles The behaviors, values, and attitudes that a society considers appropriate for both males and females.
Define Rural In, relating to, or characteristic of the agrarian areas outside of towns and cities.
Define Urban In, relating to, or characteristic of a town or city.
Cult of Domesticity
Who: Women in the United States
Socio-economic class: Upper and Middle Classes
What: The ideology that glorified and highlighted femininity and the ability of a woman to create a private environment shielded from the competitiveness of the market economy. The idea that a woman’s place was at home and had to maintain virtue, religious identity, sexual innocence, beauty, frailty, dependence on men. Be obedient, submissive, and humble while also never leaving the private realm of the family.
When: Mid-19th century
Effect on Gender Roles: It reinforced gender roles by enforcing the idea of inborn qualities. Men were rational, aggressive, and domineering making them have to move between public and private spheres. Women were nurturing, selfless, ruled by emotion and had to remain cloistered in the private realm of the family. Gloried gender roles
Socio-economic class that did not participate and why they did not participate: Lower class women did not participate because they needed to work in factories in order to provide for their families and get wages to ensure that their families had an adequate lifestyle and could live normally. They needed to earn wages and could not afford to stay at home and make the man be the only person earning money.
Lowell Mill Girls
Who: Single women and young girls
What: The Lowell Mill girls were women who were employed by the early New England textile mills to tend to spinning machines. Women and children worked in New England textile mills, tending spinning machines. Their parents allowed them to work under the condition that they set boarding houses with strict rules and regulations. Many women found it better than to have a narrow and confining home life. Many women would leave when they grew older to return home, marry, or move west. Some went on strike and lobbied for better working hours, although many were eager to the lure of wages.
When: 1830’s
Where: Lowell, Massachusetts
Importance: Working in the textile mills was one of the first times in history that women were allowed out of a domestic setting. The women appreciated the independence and opportunity to earn their own money, which gave them a larger sense of womanhood they didn’t have in their narrow and confining home lives.
Who replaced them in the mills: Irish women
Immigrants Irish When: 1820- (most coming during the mid-1840s)
How many?
250,000 from 1820- and 1 million due to the Potato Famine.
Why? Immigrants initially came for America’s political and religious freedoms, but the majority of Irish immigrants came to the United States to escape the potato famine in Ireland.
Description (Gender, education/skill level, Socio-economic status) Irish immigrants were typically lower to middle class families. The men were impoverished agricultural laborers and small farmers and lacked industrial and capital skills.
Religion Catholicism
Chain Migration The Irish men who came first to America to work would send money to their families back in Ireland for financial support or to pay for their trip to the United States.
Where did they Settle? Northeastern towns and cities, such as Boston, New York
Jobs they took Hard labor jobs with low-wages such as digging canals, servants, longshoremen, factory operatives, or common laborers
American Reaction Native born Americans were angry at the Irish for <stealing= jobs. The Irish were victims of prejudice and anti-Catholicism.
Germans When: 1820s-1880s
How many? 1 million immigrants
Why? Germans came to the United States seeking better economic opportunities and political unrest due to riots, rebellions, and a revolution in 1848.
Description (Gender, education/skill level, Socio-economic status) They traveled as families and had skills and capital to enter middle-class trades. The German came to America in families and were skilled craftsmen.
Religion Lutherans
Chain Migration The Germans emigrated as families and did not have as much chain migration.
Where did they Settle? In the Old Northwest in German communities (Cincinnati, St. Louis, Miluwaukee)
Jobs they took Craftsmen, shopkeepers, farmers .
American Reaction There was a sense of nativism, but Germans did not face as much opposition as the Irish as they settled in their own communities.
Key Concept 4 Politics and Regional Interests
Monroe as President Years in the Presidency Political Party Major Events as President
1825-1829 Won as Democratic-Republican party and affiliated with the Whig party in the mid-1830s
- Election of 1824
- Completion of Erie Canal
- Tariff of Abominations
Key Concept 4 America on the World Stage
Monroe Doctrine Who: President Monroe
When: 1823
What: The United States’s statement of foreign policy pronouncing European countries to avoid interfering in affairs with the country and with the development of countries in the Western Hemisphere in order to prevent European countries from recolonizing territory and reconquering colonies. It consolidated national power within the United States.
Four Points: 1. The United States would not interfere in the internal affairs of or the wars between European powers 2. The United States recognized and would not interfere with existing colonies and dependencies in the Western Hemisphere 3. The Western Hemisphere was closed to future colonization 4. Any attempt by a European power to oppress or control any nation in the Western Hemisphere would be viewed as a hostile act against the United States
Significance: It remained the cornerstone of American foreign policy and declared that the Old and New Worlds had different political and diplomatic systems. It claimed the United States as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere and aimed to become the major provider for Latin American markets. The doctrine limited the influence of European powers in the Western Hemisphere and asserted the United States neutrality when it came to future European affairs. The United States was not powerful enough to execute all of these points, so England’s agreement and support of the doctrine helped prevent other countries from dominating the Western Hemisphere.
APUSH AMSCO Chapters 8 & 9 Reading Notes
Course: Topics In American Studies (HIST 487R)
University: University of Nevada, Las Vegas
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