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Geography Grade 10 Notes ON Geomorphology
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GEOMORPHOLOGY
- Study the diagram below on the structure of the Earth and answer the
questions that follow.
1 Identify the layers labelled A, B and C.
A -___________________________________________________________
B-____________________________________________________________
C-____________________________________________________________
1 In what state does material in each of the layers labelled A,B and C exist.
A-__________________________________________________________
B- _________________________________________________________
C-_________________________________________________________
A B
C
1 Describe the temperature change as one moves from layer C to layer A
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
1 The layer labelled C may be divided into two layers. Name these two layers.
i. _______________________________________________________
ii. _______________________________________________________
1 What is the name of the material found in layer C?
___________________________________________________________
1 State one way in which the layer labelled A is important to humans.
_____________________________________________________
1 The crust is the outer layer of the Earth and it consists of a comparatively
low density, brittle material varying between 5 km and 50 km thick. How is
it possible that the crust varies between 5 km and 50 km thickness.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
1 Explain the following terms.
a) Sial- _________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
2 State whether the following statements are true or false.
2.3 Sedimentary rock is formed from molten material __________________
2.3 Igneous rock consist of fossils ______________________
2.3 Organic refers to a living organism _____________________
2.3 If pressure is the most important factor causing metamorphosis, it is
called dynamic metamorphosis ___________________
2.3 Granite becomes gneiss when subjected to heat. ______________
2.3 Igneous rock is often called basic rock since it comes directly from magma
2 Rocks are classified according to their origin .There are three main
categories of rocks. List these categories.
___________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
2 Briefly explain the formation of sedimentary rocks.
- Answer the following questions based on igneous sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks.
3 Explain how igneous rocks are created
3 Give three characteristics of igneous rocks.
i. ______________________________________________________
ii. _______________________________________________________
iii. ________________________________________________________
3 Why are igneous rocks so difficult to erode?
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
3 A large part of South Africa is made from igneous rock. This region remains
higher than the rest of the landscape. What is this higher section called?
( It separates coastal areas from inland areas)
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3 Why would igneous rocks appear dark in colour?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
3 Most sedimentary rocks are found in areas where there used to be large
inland seas or lakes. Explain why this is so.
___________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
- Answer the following questions based on the rock cycle.
4 What is a rock cycle? _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
4 What do we call rocks that were formed as a result of volcanic activity?
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
4 Differentiate between magma and lava.
__________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4 Name two elements that can erode or break rocks into pieces.
i. ___________________________________________________
ii. __________________________________________________
4 Name the small pieces of rock that can be carried and dropped by these two
elements during erosion.
_____________________________________________________________
4 What happens to these pieces of rock after a long time?
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
4 Name two things that happen when the Earths tectonic plates move around.
i. __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
ii. __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
5 Draw a diagram of intrusive and extrusive rocks to show the following
landforms : Laccoliths , lopoliths , sills, dykes and monoliths and magma.
Laccoliths
Lopoliths
Sills
Dykes
Monoliths
Magma
- Answer the following questions based on plate tectonics and continental
drifting.
6 What is plate tectonics? ______________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
6 Name two continents that formed Pangaea
i. __________________________________________________
ii. __________________________________________________
6 Who is a geophysicist? ____________________________________
_______________________________________________________
6 Draw a free hand map of the world to show the position of different continents
180 million years ago.
6 Give seven pieces of evidence to support Wegners theory of continental
_______________________________________________
7.2 Lateral Movement -_______________________________
_______________________________________________
7 Write a short descriptive paragraph on each of the following
7.3 Movement of plates
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7.3 When plates interact.
___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
- Answer the following questions based on mechanisms of plate movement.
8 Briefly discuss the mechanisms of plate movements under the following
headings
8.1 Divergence -___________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
8.1 Convergence -________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
8.1 Lateral movement-_____________________________________
_____________________________________________________
8 Differentiate between the “young “and “old” fold mountain ranges
_____________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
8 Provide three examples of fold mountain ranges that are not formed along
plate boundaries.
i. ________________________________________________________
ii. ________________________________________________________
iii. _________________________________________________________
8 Define the following terms
- Answer the following questions based on folding and faulting.
9 Explain the following concepts
9.1 Folding-___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
9.1 Faulting -_________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
9.1 Warping -________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
9.1 Crustal Warping -__________________________________________
________________________________________________________
9 Match the statements in Column A with the corresponding terms in Column B
NO. Column A Answers Column B
9.2 This is the up- folded section of a monocline.
A. Lebombo
9.2 This is the down- folded section of a monocline.
B. Homocline
9.2 This is a well known South African monocline.
C
9.2 This is the home for many cuestas and hogsbacks.
D. Alps
9.2 It is one of the landforms associated with folding.
E. Cape Fold Mountains 9.2 It is one of the examples of the overseas fold mountains.
F. Syncline
9.2 These types of mountains form when one crustal plate collides with another crustal plate.
G. Sedimentary rock
9.2 Horizontal movement in the Earth’s crust caused horizontal layers of this rock to bend.
H. Fold Mountains
9.2 These are broad, flat and irregular swells.
I. Warping
9.2 The escarpment in South Africa is bent upwards by this process.
J. Crustal Warping
9 Briefly discuss the importance of folds and faults to humans.
______________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
9 Give four South African examples of fold mountains.
i. ________________________________________________
ii. ________________________________________________
iii. _________________________________________________
iv. __________________________________________________
9 List three types of folds.
i. ___________________________________________________
ii. ___________________________________________________
iii. ___________________________________________________
9 Briefly explain the formation of folds and faults.
9 Differentiate between the process of tension faulting and compressional
_____________________________________________________
11 fault scarp-____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
11 stress (in terms of geomorphology) _________________________
_____________________________________________________
Briefly explain how faulting forms a volcano.
Write a short paragraph explaining how a tear fault can cause an earthquake.
Explain what an earthquake is?
- What causes earthquakes?
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
- Define the following terms.
16 epicentre
16 tsunami
16 isoseismal
16 focus
16 seismograph
- Briefly explain what happens when an earthquake occurs under the sea.
18 is the difference between an earthquake and a tectonic force.
- How do scientists determine the time, the epicentre, the focal depth and the
