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마스터톤 일반화학 8판 솔루션 - 마스터톤일반화학 8판 솔루션

마스터톤일반화학 8판 솔루션
Course

일반화학1 (CLT0084)

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Academic year: 2022/2023
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기환 황
Chonnam National University
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619

▼

Appendix 5

Answers to Even-Numbered and

Challenge Questions and Problems

Chapter 1 2. (a) element (b) mixture (c) compound (d) mixture 4. (a) heterogeneous mixture (b) heterogeneous mixture (c) solution 6. (a) chromatography (b) distillation or chromatography 8. (a) Cu (b) C (c) Br (d) Al 10. (a) manganese (b) gold (c) lead (d) silver 12. (a) yardstick (b) buret/pipet (c) thermometer 14. 177 8 C; 4 3 102 K 16. 35 8 C; 95 8 F 18. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 1 (e) 5 20. (a) 17 cm (b) 169 lb (c) 5 3 102 8 C (d) 198 oz 22. (a) 4 3 103 mL (b) 1 g (c) 1 3 102 8 C 24. b and c 26. 5 is exact; 4000 is ambiguous; 17 has two and 18. has three 28. (a) 10 (b) 80 (c) 0 (d) 0. (e) 1 3 10225 30. 0 m 3 32. (a) less than (b) greater than (c) equal 34. (a) 215 mL (b) 13 in 3 (c) 0 qt 36. (a) 1 mi (b) 1852 m (c) 25 mph 38. (a) USD 3 (b) USD 43 (c) 2 3 102 mi 40. 1 3 1023 g/mL 42. 3 3 1014 L 44. 393 mg 46. 1 g/mL 48. 1 g/mL 50. 508 m 52. 3 3 104 g; 85 lb 54. supersaturated; 5 g 56. (a) homogeneous; 4 g more (b) 9 g 58. 479 rems; 1 3 103 mammograms 60. 320 g 62. 6 3 1024 in 64. 8 g/mL 66. (a) I (b) I (c) I (d) E (e) E 68. See pages 16– 70. 3 72. (a) A (b) < 238 C (c) no; (see answer to (a))

  1. (a)

21202100280 260 240 220 4020 °C

°J

0 60 80 100

120

100

80

60

40

20

(b) 0. (c) 60 (d) 8 J 5 0( 8 C) 1 60 74. 320 8 F 5 1608 C 75. 1 km 2 76. 21 cm 77. 8 3 1023 g Pb 78. 6 g/cm 3

Chapter 2 2. See page 24 4. (a) none (b) conservation of mass (c) none 6. Rutherford; see pages 25– 8. (a) 86 p 1 (b) 134 n 10. (a) 5426 Fe; 5626 Fe (b) They differ in the number of neutrons. Fe-54 has 28, whereas Fe-56 has 30. 12. (a) 95 (b) 241 (c) 24195 Am 14. (a) A is arsenic: 33 p 1 , 42 n , 33 e 2 (b) L is vanadium: 23 p 1 , 28 n , 23 e 2 (c) Z is xenon: 54 p 1 , 77 n , 54 e 2 16. (a) isobars: Cr-54 and Fe-54; Fe-58 and Ni- isotopes: Fe-54 and Fe- (b) number of protons (c) Cr-54 and Ni- 18. (a) , (c) , (b) , (d) 20. O- 22. b 24. 20 amu 26. 64 amu; 6529 Cu 28. lightest isotope 78%; heaviest isotope 11% 30. (a) two: HCl-35 and HCl-37 (b) 36 and 38

▼

(c)

36 37 38 Mass (amu)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Abundance (%)

  1. 6 3 1013 atoms

  2. (a) 7 3 1020 atoms (b) 1 3 10222 g

  3. (a) 8 3 103 neutrons (b) 3 3 1011 neutrons

  4. 8 3 1023 atoms

  5. (a) sulfur (b) scandium (c) selenium (d) silicon (e) strontium

  6. (a) nonmetal (b) transition metal (c) nonmetal (d) metalloid (e) metal

  7. (a) 5 (b) 3 (c) 2

  8. (a) 1 (b) 7 (c) 4

  9. (a) CH 3 COOH, C 2 H 4 O 2 (b) CH 3 Cl

  10. (a) 128 p 1 , 128 e 2 (b) 48 p 1 , 50 e 2 (c) 18 p 1 , 18 e 2 (d) 16 p 1 , 18 e 2

  11. Al-27; metal Te-128; 5; nonmetal; 18; 5; 80 C-14; 2

  12. (a) and (d)

  13. (a) SiS 2 (b) PH 3 (c) P 2 O 5 (d) RnF 4 (e) NCl 3

  14. (a) tellurium dichloride (b) tetraiodine nanoxide (c) xenon trioxide (d) tetrasulfur tetranitride

  15. (a) BaI 2 , Ba 3 N 2 (b) FeO, Fe 2 O 3

  16. (a) K 2 HPO 4 (b) Mg 3 N 2 (c) PbBr 4 (d) ScCl 3 (e) Ba(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2

  17. (a) lead(II) acetate (b) aluminum hydroxide (c) strontium hydrogen carbonate (d) copper(II) phosphate (e) rubidium oxide

  18. (a) HNO 3 ( aq ) (b) K 2 SO 4 (c) Fe(ClO 4 ) 3 (d) Al(IO 3 ) 3 (e) H 2 SO 3 ( aq )

  19. HBrO 2 ( aq ); cobalt(III) periodate; PtCl 4 ; nitrous acid; N 2 O 3

  20. (a) Ge (b) W (c) Sr (d) Bi

  21. (a) C 2 H 7 N (b) C 2 H 5 NH 2

  22. (a) always true (b) usually true (c) never true

  23. 9 3 103 cm 3

  24. a

  25. only #4.

  27. 23490 Th

  28. 12652 Te 22

  29. c

  30. (a) Ratio of C in ethane to C in ethylene/g H is 3;2. (b) CH 3 , CH 2 ; C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4

  31. 3 g/cm 3 ; lots of space between atoms

  32. 2 3 10223 g

  33. (a) 2 3 1024 molecules (b) 2 3 10220 (c) <2 3 102 molecules

  34. 8 L

Chapter 3 2. (a) 5 3 1017 g (b) 7 3 10222 mol 4. (a) 18 e 2 (b) 1 3 1025 (c) 2 3 1023 6. (a) 1 mol (b) 7 3 1025 8. (a) 190 (b) 84 (c) 396. 10. (a) 0. (b) 0. (c) 0. 12. (a) 108 g (b) 537 g (c) 451 g 14. Number of Grams

Number of Moles

Number of Molecules

Number of O Atoms 0 g 7 3 1024 4 3 1020 2 3 1021 239 g 1 7 3 1023 5 3 1024 13 g 7 3 1022 4 3 1022 3 3 1023 0 g 1 3 1025 7 3 1018 5 3 1019

(a) (b) (c) (d) 16. 0 M 18. (a) [K 1 ] 5 0 M ; [O 22 ] 5 0 M (b) [Na 1 ] 5 [HCO 32 ] 5 0 M (c) [Sc 31 ] 5 0 M ; [IO 22 ] 5 0 M (d) [Mg 21 ] 5 0 M ; [PO 432 ] 5 0 M 20. (a) Dissolve 2 3 102 g of Ni(NO 3 ) 2 in 2 L of solution (b) Dissolve 184 g of CuCl 2 in 2 L of solution (c) Dissolve 241 g of C 6 H 8 O 6 in 2 L of solution 22. (a) 303 mL (b) 1 3 102 mL 24. 0 M 26. 67% C; 4% H; 9% N; 5% O; 12% Cl 28. 5 g 30. 54% 32. 38% C; 1% H; 52% Cl; 7% O 34. molar mass 5 1 3 102 ; R 5 vanadium 36. Ni 2 S 3 ; nickel(III) sulde 38. (a) C 8 H 20 Pb (b) C 6 H 8 O 7 (c) N 2 H 6 Cl 2 Pt 40. C 8 H 8 O 3 42. C 7 H 5 O 3 SN 44. Simplest formula: CH 4 N Molecular formula: C 2 H 8 N 2 46. (a) 47% (b) 8 g 48. (a) C 6 H 12 O 6 ( s ) 1 6O 2 ( g ) ¡ 6CO 2 ( g ) 1 6H 2 O (b) XeF 4 ( g ) 1 2H 2 O( l ) ¡ Xe( g ) 1 O 2 ( g ) 1 4HF( g ) (c) 4NaCl( s ) 1 2H 2 O( g ) 1 2SO 2 ( g ) 1 O 2 ( g ) ¡ 2Na 2 SO 4 ( s ) 1 4HCl( g ) 50. (a) 2Sc( s ) 1 3S( s ) ¡ Sc 2 S 3 ( s ) (b) 2Sc( s ) 1 3Cl 2 ( g ) ¡ 2ScCl 3 ( s )

  1. 5%; Yes
  2. 74%
  3. one
  4. (a) C 5 2 4; H 5 11 (b) O 5 2 2; C 5 14 (c) O 5 2 2; I 5 17 (d) H 5 1 1; N 5 22
  5. (a) H 5 1 1, I 5 1 5, O 5 22 (b) Na 5 1 1, Mn 5 1 7, O 5 22 (c) Sn 5 1 4, O 5 22 (d) F 5 2 1, O 5 2 2, N 5 13 (e) Na 5 1 1, O 5
  6. (a) oxidation (b) reduction (c) reduction (d) oxidation
  7. (a) reduction (b) reduction (c) oxidation (d) oxidation
  8. (a) As oxidized; Mn reduced MnO 42 —oxidizing agent; As 2 O 3 —reducing agent (b) N oxidized; C reduced CO 322 —oxidizing agent; N 2 H 4 — reducing agent
  9. 30%
  10. 27 g
  11. 0 M
  12. yes
  13. 0%
  14. (a) 4 HCl ; 1 HNO 3 (b) 7 mL HNO 3 ; 42 mL HCl
  15. 1 g
  16. (a) SA/WB (b) WA/SB (c) PPT (d) PPT (e) NR
  17. (a) (1) (b) (3) (c) (2)
  18. (a) weak (b) non (c) strong (d) weak
  19. (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) F (e) T
  20. 0 g CaC 2 O 4 ; yes
  21. 0 L
  22. 1 g Cu; 3 g Ag
  23. 0 M Fe 21 ; 0 M Fe 31
  24. oxalic acid
  25. 5 g
  26. 65 g MgCl 2 ; 165 g NaNO 3 ; 69 g BaCl 2
  27. (a) 1 g (b) [OH 2 ] 5 0; [Ba 21 ] 5 0 M ; [AI 31 ] 5 0 M ; [NO 32 ] 5 0 M

Chapter 5 2. V 5 2 3 103 L; n He 5 2 3 104 mol; T 5 298 K 4. (a) 3 3 102 mm Hg 0 atm 6 psi (b) 1 3 103 mm Hg 1 atm 201 kPa (c) 599 mm Hg 11 psi 79 kPa (d) 1 atm 23 psi 162 kPa 6. 323 8 C 8. (a) 2 atm (b) 3 atm 10. 31 psi (gauge pressure); 46 psi (actual pressure) 12. 1 3 103 mm Hg 14. 0 mol 16. 93 g; 93 mL 18. 1217 g

  1. (a) 0 mol; 2 g (b) 2338 C; 3 g (c) 36 L; 125 g (d) 11 atm; 1 mol

  2. (a) 1 g/L (b) 2 g/L (c) 1 g/L

  3. 0 g/L in Mars, 1 g/L on earth

  4. (a) 98 g/mol (b) COCl 2

  5. (a) 28 g/mol (b) exhaled air 5 1 g/L; ordinary air 5 1 g/L

  6. element 5 H; compound 5 PH 3 2 phosphine

  7. (a) 2NF 3 ( g ) 1 3H 2 O( g ) ¡ NO( g ) 1 NO 2 ( g ) 1 6HF( g ) (b) 1 L

  8. (a) 3 L (b) 2 L

  9. 3 3 103 g

  10. 2 L

  11. (a) 2C 9 H 18 O 6 ( s ) 1 21O 2 ( g ) ¡ 18H 2 O( g ) 1 18CO 2 ( g ) (b) 13 atm

  12. 3 atm; HCl

  13. CH 4 : 1 atm C 2 H 6 : 0 atm C 3 H 8 : 0 atm

  14. 134 mL

  15. 2 atm

  16. (a) 2NH 4 NO 3 ( s ) ¡ 2N 2 ( g ) 1 O 2 ( g ) 1 4H 2 O( g ) (b) 2 atm (c) P N 2 5 0 atm; P O 2 5 0 atm; P H 2 O 5 1 atm

  17. (a) 729 mm Hg (b) 4 3 1024 (c) 2 3 1022 (d) 231 mm Hg (e) 976 mm Hg

  18. (a) speed of effusion: Xe , CH 2 F 2 , F 2 , CH 4 (b) time: CH 4 , F 2 , CH 2 F 2 , Xe

  19. 3 times faster

  20. (a) yes (b) 100 g/mol

  21. 15 s

  22. (a) 291 m/s (b) 145 m/s

  23. (a) more (b) less

  24. (a) 84 g/L (b) 65 g/L (c) < 340 atm

  25. (a) 2C 8 H 18 ( l ) 1 25O 2 ( g ) ¡ 16CO 2 ( g ) 1 18H 2 O( l ) (b) 1 3 104 L

  26. (a) 1. (b) 0. (c) 1. (d) 1.

  27. H 2 SO 4

  28. C 5 32%; H 5 6%; N 5 18%; O 5 42%; C 2 H 5 NO 2

  29. (a) 0 mol (b) 0 g

  30. (a) Both gases have the same number of moles. (b) CO 2 (c) CO 2 (d) Both gases have the same average translational energy. (e) Both gases have the same partial pressure.

  31. (a) same (b) N 2 (A) (c) same (d) NH 3 (B) (e) P stays the same (f) 1/

  32. (a) tankA = tankB (b) tankA = 2(tankB) (c) tankA = tankB

  33. (a) A (b) B (c) B

  34. (a) C (b) 2 atm (c) 4 atm (d) 4 atm (same)

(e) 4 atm

  1. Ideal gas pressures: at 40 8 C 5 25 mm Hg; at 708 C 5 27 mm Hg; at 100 8 C 5 29 mm Hg Vapor pressures: at 40 8 C 5 55 mm Hg; at 708 C 5 233 mm Hg; at 100 8 C 5 760 mm Hg Vapor pressure implies the presence of some liquid to- gether with the vapor. As T increases, more liquid becomes gas, increasing n and thus P.
  2. 74% O 2 ; 17% N 2 ; 8% CO 2
  3. 3 ft from NH 3 end
  4. (a) 1 atm (b) 1 atm (c) 0 M
  5. 78%
  6. 6 m
  7. 0 atm

Chapter 6 2. (a) 5 3 1014 s 21 (b) 3 3 10219 J/photon (c) 233 kJ/mol 4. (a) 232 nm (b) ultraviolet (c) 8 3 10219 J/photon 6. (a) 127 nm (b) ultraviolet 8. 48 kJ 10. (a) 434 nm (b) visible (c) yes 12. 0

n = 1

n = 2

n = 3

n = 4

E (

J ) 3

10

-

  1. (a) 2 3 103 nm (b) infrared

  2. 7455 nm

  3. (a) m ø 5 2 2, 2 1, 0, 1 1, 12 (b) m ø 5 0 (c) ø 5 0; m ø 5 0 ø 5 1, m ø 5 2 1, 0, 11 ø 5 2; m ø 5 2 2, 2 1, 0, 1 1, 12 ø 5 3, m ø 5 2 3, 2 2, 2 1, 0, 1 1, 1 2, 13 ø 5 4, m ø 5 2 4, 2 3, 2 2, 2 1, 0, 1 1, 1 2, 1 3, 14

  4. (a) 3s (b) 4d (c) 4f (d) 2s

  5. (a) 3p (b) 5s (c) 6f

  6. (a) 9 (b) 3 (c) 7 (d) 5

  7. (a) 2 (b) 2 (c) 10

  8. (b) No 1p sublevel (d) m ø cannot exceed 1 (e) m ø 5 0

  9. (a) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 4 (b) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1 (c) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 2 (d) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 (e) 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 10 4p 6 5s 2 4d 10 5p 3

  10. (a) [ 10 Ne]3s 2 (b) [ 54 Xe]6s 2 4f 14 5d 6 (c) [ 18 Ar]4s 2 3d 10 4p 2 (d) [ 18 Ar]4s 2 3d 3 (e) [ 54 Xe]6s 2 4f 14 5d 10 6p 5

  11. (a) Eu (b) Zr (c) P (d) Ne

  12. (a) 6/12 (b) 12/25 (c) 18/

  13. (a) impossible (b) ground (c) impossible (d) excited (e) excited

  14. 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d (a) (qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(qp) (q ) (b) (qp) (qp) (qp)(q )(q ) (c) (qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(q )(q )(q ) (d) (qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(qp) (qp) (qp)(qp)(q )

  15. (a) Li (b) Cl (c) Na

  16. (a) Sn, Sb, Te (b) K, Rb, Cs, Fr (c) Ge, As, Sb, Te (d) none

  17. (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 3

  18. (a) Ca (b) K, Ga (c) none (d) none

  19. (a) F: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 F 2 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 (b) Sc: 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 4s 2 3d 1 Sc 31 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 (c) Mn 21 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5 Mn 51 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 2 (d) O 2 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 5 O 22 : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6

  20. (a) 0 (b) 0 (c) 0 (d) 0

  21. (a) Cl , S , Mg (b) Mg , S , Cl (c) Mg , S , Cl

  22. (a) K (b) Cl (c) Cl

  23. (a) P (b) V 41 (c) K 1 (d) Co 31

  24. (a) Kr , K , Rb , Cs (b) Ar , Si , Al , Cs

  25. (a) 3 3 107 nm (b) microwave (c) 3 3 1023 kJ/mol

  26. (a) Si (b) Na (c) Y (d) At (e) O

  27. (a) (2) and (4) (b) (1) and (3) (c) (1) (d) (2) (e) (1)

  28. (a) spin (b) less energy (c) 5 (d) yes

  29. (a) See pages 130–133. (b) See page 125, Figure 6. (c) See page 138, Figure 6.

  30. (a) true (b) false; inversely proportional to n 2 (c) false; as soon as 4p is full

  31. (a) 1208 (b) 1208 (c) 1208 around N; 109 8 around O (left) (d) 109 8 around C and N

  32. (a)

H C H

H

H

H C O O

O O C C!!!!!!! H

(b) around CH 3 —109 8 ; around CO—120 8 C; around O—109 8

  1. 1 5 1208 ; 2 5 109 8 ; 3 5 1208
  2. a, b, c are dipoles
  3. a, b, d
  4. First structure is polar; dipoles do not cancel.
  5. (a) sp 2 (b) sp 3 (c) sp 3 (d) sp
  6. (a) sp (b) sp 2 (c) sp 3 (d) sp 2
  7. (a) sp 3 d 2 (b) sp 3 d 2 (c) sp 3 d 2 (d) sp 3 d
  8. (a) 6 e 2 pairs; sp 3 d 2 (b) 6 e 2 pairs; sp 3 d 2 (c) 5 e 2 pairs; sp 3 d
  9. C 1 and C 2 5 sp 2 , C 3 and N 5 sp
  10. (a) sp 3 (b) sp 2 (c) sp (d) sp 2
  11. (a) sp 3 (b) sp 3 (c) sp 3
  12. 6 s , 3 p
  13. (a) 4 s (b) 3 s , 1 p (c) 2 s , 2 p (d) 4 s , 1 p
  14. (a)

O S O S O O

O

O

O 22

!!!!

(b) Each S atom has a formal charge of 2. (c)

O S O S O O

O

O

O 22 "!! "

(d) Each S atom has a formal charge of 2 1. 70. AX 2 E 2 2 2 bent sp 3 polar AX 3 3 0 trigonal planar sp 2 nonpolar AX 4 E 2 4 2 square planar sp 3 d 2 nonpolar AX 5 5 0 trigonal bipyramid sp 3 d nonpolar 72. (a) C (b) N 74. PH 3 and H 2 S—unshared pairs on central atom 76. SnCl 2 and SO 2 ; unshared pairs occupy more space 78. x 5 3; T-shaped; polar; sp 3 d; 90 8 , 180 8 ; 3 s bonds

  1. bent; 109 8 ; polar

H

H

H

H

N N!

  1. 6; octahedron; sp 3 d 2

  2. (a)

O

O 22 O S O O

O 22 !! O S O""

(b) tetrahedral for both (c) sp 3 ; sp 3 (d) 1st structure: O 5 2 1; S 5 2 2nd structure: S 5 0; O 5 2 1; O 5 2 1, O 5 0

  1. (a)

O Cl P Cl Cl

!! Formal charges: P 5 1 1; Cl 5 0; O 5

(b)

Cl

O Cl P Cl!! Formal charges: P 5 0; Cl 5 0; O 5

Chapter 8 2. 2 8 C 4. 0 J/g · 8 C 6. 3 3 102 J 8. (a) no (b) 2 669 J (c) 24 8 C 10. 1 3 102 mL 12. (a) 18 mL (b) 34 8 C 14. (a) 81 kJ (b) 86 kJ (c) 2 167 kJ (d) 2 3 3 103 kJ/mol 16. (a) 2 218 kJ (b) 77 kJ (c) 1 3 102 kJ (d) 5 kJ/ 8 C 18. 27 8 C 20. 2 mL 22. (a) KClO 3 ( s ) 9: KCl( s ) 1 32 O 2 ( g ) D H 8 5 2 44 kJ (b) yes (c)

Reaction path

D H

2 44 kJ

KClO 3

KCl + O 322

(d) 2 1 kJ (e) 41 g 24. (a) 13 kJ (b) 0 kJ 26. (a) 2C 3 H 5 (NO 3 ) 3 ( l ) 9: 3N 2 ( g ) 1 6CO 2 ( g ) 1 5H 2 O( g ) 1 12 O 2 ( g ); D H 5 2 2 3 103 kJ (b) 2 911 kJ 28. (a) C 57 H 104 O 6 ( s ) 1 83O 2 ( g ) 9: 57CO 2 ( g ) 1 52H 2 O( l ) D H 8 5 2 3 3 104 kJ (b) 1 3 103 kJ (c) 0 lb 30. benzene 32. 2 48 kJ 34. (a) 2Mg( s ) 1 SiO 2 ( s ) 1 2C( s ) 1 2Cl 2 ( g ) 9: 2CO( g ) 1 2MgCl 2 ( s ) 1 Si( s ) (b) 2 592 kJ (c) yes 36. 2 35 kJ 38. (a) K( s ) 1 12 Cl 2 ( g ) 1 32 O 2 ( g ) 9: KClO 3 ( s ) D H 5 2 397 kJ (b) C( s ) 1 2Cl 2 ( g ) 9: CCl 4 ( l ) D H 5 2 135 kJ (c) 12 H 2 ( g ) 1 12 I 2 ( g ) 9: HI( g ) D H 5 26 kJ (d) 2Ag( s ) 1 12 O 2 ( g ) 9: Ag 2 O( s ) D H 5 2 31 kJ 40. (a) 2 1134 kJ (b) 2 101 kJ 42. (a) N 2 H 4 ( l ) 1 O 2 ( g ) 9: N 2 ( g ) 1 2H 2 O( g ) D H 5 2 534 kJ (b) 14 kJ of heat are evolved 44. (a) 2 153 kJ (b) 2 1036 kJ (c) 2 714 kJ 46. (a) 2 50 kJ (b) 2 84 kJ 48. (a) CaCO 3 ( s ) 1 2NH 3 ( g ) 9: CaCN 2 ( s ) 1 3H 2 O( l ) D H 8 5 90 kJ (b) 2 351 kJ/mol

  1. 2 680 kJ/mol
  2. 2 3 kJ
  3. 1 3 102 L-atm
  4. (a) 2 18 J (b) 1 64 J
  5. (a) yes (b) 2 102 J
  6. (a) 29 kJ (b) 2 kJ (c) 26 kJ
  7. (a) CH 3 OH( l ) 1 32 O 2 ( g ) 9: CO 2 ( g ) 1 2H 2 O( g ) D H 5 2 638 kJ (b) D E 5 2 642 kJ
  8. 1 BTU/lb- 8 F
  9. 29 min
  10. 2 8 3 104 kJ
  11. D E 5 2 885 kJ; D H 5 2 890 kJ
  13. 1 3 1026 8 C
  14. (a) yes (b) 2 (c) no (d) yes
  15. Piston goes down.
  16. c A. c B
  17. c, d, e
  18. 2 3 1028 photons
  19. (a) 1 3 105 J (b) 505 g
  20. 22%
  21. (a) 2 851 kJ (b) 6 3 103 8 C (c) yes
  22. 76%
  23. 7 g
  24. 3 3 102 kJ

Chapter 9 2. (a) 508 C: 297 mm Hg; 60 8 C: 307 mm Hg (b) 297 mm Hg. 269 mm Hg 307 mm Hg , 389 mm Hg (c) 269 mm Hg at 50 8 C 307 mm Hg at 60 8 C 4. (a) 0 mg (b) 0 mm Hg 6. (a) 2 mg (b) 2 mg (c) 0 mm Hg; yes 8. (a) 29 kJ/mol (b) 39 8 C 10. 97 8 C 12. 17 8 C 14. 29 kJ/mol 16. (a) liquid (b) vapor (c) liquid 18. (a) vapor (b) 208 C (c) liquid (d) triple point (e) normal boiling point (f) deposition (g) no (h) yes 20. (a) solid (b) liquid (c) liquid 22. (a)

260

2 78 2 56. 240 220 0 20

1 31.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Liquid Solid

Gas Triple point

Critical point

Te mperature (°C)

Pressure (atm)

(b) <30 atm (c) yes

  1. (a)

1 2100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

Liquid

Solid

Gas

Temperature (°C)

Pressure (atm)

(b) 6008 C (c) sublimes 26. He , Ne , Ar , Xe 28. dipole forces: b, d; dispersion forces: all 30. b and c 32. (a) Na 2 CO 3 is ionic. (b) N 2 H 4 has hydrogen bonding. (c) Benzoic acid has larger dispersion forces. (d) CO has dipole forces. 34. a and b 36. (a) LiCl—ionic bonds (b) CH 3 OH—hydrogen bonds (c) H 2 O—hydrogen bonds (d) Cl 2 —larger dispersion forces 38. (a) H-bonds (b) dispersion forces (c) dispersion and dipole forces (d) dispersion forces 40. (a) molecular (b) ionic (c) metallic 42. (a) metallic, network covalent (b) network covalent, metallic (c) metallic 44. (a) metallic (b) molecule (c) network covalent (d) ionic (e) molecule 46. (a) NO (b) CaO (c) SiO 2 (d) O 2 48. (a) C atoms (b) Si and C atoms (c) ions (d) C 2 H 2 molecules 50. face-centered 52. V 5 0 nm 3 ; r 5 0 nm 54. (a) 0 nm (b) 0 nm 56. (a) 0 nm (b) 0 nm 58. 1 Cs 1 , 1 Cl 2 60. (a) 1 3 1028 cm (b) 1 3 10223 cm 3 (c) 3 g/cm 3 (d) 2 g/cm 3 62. (a) 52% (b) 74% (c) 68% 64. 0 atm 66. (a) F (b) T (c) F (d) T 68. (a) GT (b) MI (c) LT (d) EQ (e) MI 70. (a) I (b) G (c) L/G 72. (a) Covalent bonds are between nonmetal atoms and they hold a molecule together. An ionic bond is a bond between ions. (b) boiling point—temperature and pressure for a liquid to become vapor; critical point—temperature and pressure where liq- uid cannot exist ( c) deposition—gas to solid; sublimation—solid to gas

  1. (a) 4

  2. 3

  3. 2

.

1

10 20 30 Time (s)

40 50

[X]

× 10

3 M

(b) 3 3 1025 mol/L? s (c) 4 3 1025 mol/L? s (d) instantaneous rate , average rate 12. (a) 0, 0, 0 (b) 2, 1, 3 (c) 0, 2, 2 (d) 1, 1, 2 14. (a) mol/L? min (b) L 2 /mol 2? min (c) L/mol? min (d) L/mol? min 16. (a) 0 (b) rate 5 k [Y] 0 (c) k 5 0 M /h 18. (a) 0 mol/L? h (b) 0 M (c) 0 M (d) 0 L/mol? h 20. (a) rate 5 2 3 1024 mol/L? min (b) 2 3 1024 mol/L? min (c) any concentration 22. (a) 4 L 2 /mol 2? min (b) 0 M (c) 0 M 24. (a) 1 (b) rate 5 k [Y] (c) 1 min 21 26. (a) second-order with respect to NO 2 ; zero-order with respect to CO; second-order overall (b) rate 5 k [NO 2 ] 2 (c) k 5 0 L/mol? s (d) 0 mol/L? s 28. (a) rst-order with respect to O 2 ; second-order with respect to NO (b) rate 5 k [NO] 2 [O 2 ] (c) 99 L 2 /mol 2? min (d) 4 3 1024 M /min 30. (a) rst-order in CH 3 COCH 3 , rst-order in H 1 , zero-order in I 2 (b) rate 5 k [CH 3 COCH 3 ][H 1 ] (c) 2 3 1025 L/mol? s (d) 6 3 1025 mol/L? s 32. (a) rate 5 k [CH 3 CO 2 CH 3 ][OH 2 ] (b) 0 L/mol? s (c) 0 mol/L? s 34. second-order 36. (a)

10

2 4.

ln 2 4. [SO

Cl 2

] 2

20 30 40 50 60 70 Time

2 4.

(b) 0 min 21 (c) 462 min (d) 567 min (e) 2 3 1025 M /min 38. (a) 4 3 1023 s 21 (b) 171 s (c) 0 M 40. (a) 0 g (b) 3 months (c) 4 months 42. (a) 0 h 21 (b) 1 3 1023 mol/L? h (c) 2 3 101 h 44. 112 g 46. 16 days 48. 15 hours 50. (a) 2 mg/min (b) 156 min (c) 2 mg/min (d) 2 mg/min 52. (a) 10 min (b) 1 h 54. (a) 0 L/mol? s (b) 327 s (c) 47 s (d) 2 3 1024 mol/L? s 56. 2 L/mol? min 58. 57% 60. E a 5 2 3 102 kJ/mol 62.

Reaction path

128

284 Y + Z

Q + R

E

(kJ)

  1. Decrease by 31%
  2. (a) At 25 8 C: 148 chirps/min; at 35 8 C: 220 chirps/min (b) 3 3 101 kJ (c) 49%
  3. (a) 0 s 21 (b) 358 C
  4. 86 kJ/mol

Reaction

E a 5 129 kJ

E a cat 5 62 kJ

Products

H 52 29 kJ

Reaction path

Energy

  1. 357 kJ
  2. (a) rate 5 k [Cl] 2 (b) rate 5 k [N 2 O 2 ][O 2 ] (c) rate 5 k [I 2 ] [HClO]
  3. yes
  4. (1) rate 5 k 3 [NO 3 ] 3 [NO]; k 2 3 [NO 3 ] 5 k 1 3 [NO] 3 [O 2 ]

rate 5

kk 1 k 2

3 [NO] 2 3 [O 2 ]

(2) rate 5 k 3 [N 2 O 2 ] 3 [O 2 ] k 2 3 [N 2 O 2 ] 5 k 1 3 [NO] 2

rate 5

kk 1 k 2

3 [NO] 2 3 [O 2 ]
  1. 0 mol/L? s
  2. ≈15 times faster
  3. 7 3 1017 years; very unlikely

88. ln 1

k 2

k 12

5
1
RT

( E auncat 2 E acat)

  1. (a) decreases (b) increases (c) stays the same (d) decreases (e) increases
  2. 1 represents the decrease of [X] with time 2 represents the increase of [Z] with time 3 represents the increase of [Y] with time
  3. (a) A (b) C (c) A
  4. (a) 8 kJ (b) A (c) 2 360 kJ (d) 368 kJ (e) B (f) activated complex
  5. Expt. 1: rate 5 0 mol/L? min Expt. 2: k 5 0/min; rate 5 0 mol/L? min; E a 5 32 kJ Expt. 3: rate 5 0 mol/L? min; E a cannot be determined Expt. 4: rate 5 0 mol/L? min; E a 5 32 kJ
  6. (a) 174 kJ (b) 46 L/mol? s (c) 1 mol/L? s
  7. 12 min
101.

2 d [A] a dt 5 k [A];

2 d [A] [A] 5 ka dt ; ln

[Ao] [A] 5 akt

  1. rate 5 k [A] 2 [B] [C]

  2. (a)

2 d [A] dt 5 k [A] 2 ;

2 d [A] [A] 2 5 k dt ;

1
[A]
2
1

[Ao] 5 kt

(b)

2 d [A] dt 5 k [A] 3 ;

2 d [A] [A] 3 5 k dt ;

1 2[A] 2

2
1

2[Ao] 2 5 kt ;

1 [A] 2

2
1

[Ao] 2

5 2 kt

  1. 0 g; 54 mg no more than three times a day
  2. A: 134 mm Hg; X: 244 mm Hg; Y: 122 mm Hg

Chapter 12 2. (a) <75 s (b) greater than; equal to 4.

Time (min) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 P A (atm) 1.0000.7780.5800.4150.3550 0. P B (atm) 0.4000.3260.2600.2050.1850 0. P C (atm) 0.0000.1480.2800.3900.4300 0.

  1. (a) K 5 P CO 2

(b) K 5

s P CO 2 d 2 s P H 2 d 5 P C 2 H 6

(c) K 5

s P NH 3 d 4 s P O 2 d 5 s P NOd 4 s P H 2 Od 6

(d) K 5

1
P NH 3
  1. (a) K 5

s P Cl 2 d[I 2 ] 2 [Cl 2 ] 2

(b) K 5

[CH 3 NH 13 ]
[CH 3 NH 2 ][H 1 ]

(c) K 5

[AusCNd 422 ] [Au 21 ][CN 2 ] 4

  1. (a) C 3 H 6 O( l ) EF C 3 H 6 O( g ) K 5 P C 3 H 6 O (b) 7H 2 ( g ) 1 2NO 2 ( g ) EF 2NH 3 ( g ) 1 4H 2 O( g )
K 5

s P NH 3 d 2 s P H 2 Od 4 s P H 2 d 7 s P NO 2 d 2 (c) H 2 S( g ) 1 Pb 21 ( aq ) EF PbS( s ) 1 2H 1 ( aq )

K 5

[H 1 ] 2

s P H 2 Sd[Pb 21 ]

  1. (a) 2H 2 O( g ) 1 2SO 2 ( g ) EF 2H 2 S( g ) 1 3O 2 ( g ) (b) IF( g ) EF 12 F 2 ( g ) 1 12 I 2 ( g ) (c) Cl 2 ( g ) 1 2Br 2 ( aq ) EF 2Cl 2 ( aq ) 1 Br 2 ( l ) (d) 2NO 32 ( aq ) 1 8H 1 ( aq ) 1 3Cu( s ) EF 2NO( g ) 1 3Cu 21 ( aq ) 1 4H 2 O( g )
  2. (a) K 9 5

P NOCl s P NOds P Cl 2 d1/

(b) K 0 5

s P NOds P Cl 2 d s P NOCld 2

(c) K 0 5

1

s K 9 d 2

  1. (a) 67 (b) 0.
  2. (a) 9 3 1015
  5. (a) NOBr( g ) EF NO( g ) 1 12 Br 2 ( g ) (b) K 5 0.
  7. (a) No; Q Þ K (b) 9:
  8. (a) ;9 (b) ;9 (c) 9:
  9. 9:
  10. 2 atm
  11. P I 2 5 0 atm; P Cl 2 5 0 atm
  12. P NO 5 0 atm; P NO 2 5 0 atm
  13. P Q 5 P R 5 0 atm; P Z 5 0 atm
  14. (a) P NO 5 P SO 3 5 2 atm; P NO 2 5 0 atm (b) P 5 5 atm before and after; true only if D n g 5 0
  15. (a) 0 atm (b) 14 g
  16. P H 2 5 P I 2 5 0 atm
  17. (a) reactants (b) products (c) same
  18. (a) (1) increase (2) increase (3) no effect (4) increase (5) increase (b) none; (5) will decrease it
  19. (a) 9: (b) 9: (c) 9:
58.

H 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 ( aq ) EF H 1 ( aq ) 1 H 2 C 6 H 5 O 72 ( aq ) K a1 5 7 3 1024 H 2 C 6 H 5 O 72 ( aq ) EF H 1 ( aq ) 1 HC 6 H 5 O 722 ( aq ) K a2 5 1 3 1025 HC 6 H 5 O 722 ( aq ) EF H 1 ( aq ) 1 C 6 H 5 O 732 ( aq ) K a3 5 4 3 1027

H 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 ( aq ) EF 3H 1 ( aq ) 1 C 6 H 5 O 732 ( aq ) K 5 5 3 10215 60. pH 5 2; [HX 2 ] 5 1 3 1022 M ; [X 22 ] 5 9 3 1028 M 62. pH 5 1; [HSeO 32 ] 5 0 M , [SeO 322 ] 5 5 3 1028 M 64. (a) NH 3 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF NH 41 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq )

K b 5

[NH 41 ][OH 2 ]
[NH 3 ]

(b) HS 2 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF H 2 S( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq )

K b 5

[H 2 S][OH 2 ]
[HS 2 ]

(c) (CH 3 ) 3 N( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF (CH 3 ) 3 NH 1 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq )

K b 5

[sCH 3 d 3 NH 1 ][OH 2 ] [sCH 3 d 3 N]

  1. NO 22 , CHO 22 , SO 322

  2. Ba(OH) 2. KOH. NaCN. HCO 32

  3. (a) 6 3 10211 (b) 6 3 10210

  4. [OH 2 ] 5 1 3 1024 M ; pH 5 10.

  5. (a) C 6 H 5 N( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF C 6 H 5 NH 1 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) (b) 1 3 1029 (c) 8.

  6. 2 3 102 g

  7. (a) (NH 4 ) 2 SO 3 , NH 4 CN (b) Na 2 CO 3 , K 2 CO 3 (c) NaBr, KBr (d) FeCrO 4 , (NH 4 ) 2 CrO 4

  8. (a) acidic (b) neutral (c) acidic (d) basic (e) basic

  9. (a) Fe(H 2 O) 631 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF [Fe(H 2 O) 5 OH] 21 ( aq ) 1 H 3 O 1 ( aq ) (b) BaI 2 is neutral (c) NH 41 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF NH 3 ( aq ) 1 H 3 O 1 ( aq ) K a 5 5 3 10210 NO 22 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF OH 2 ( aq ) 1 HNO 2 ( aq ) K b 5 1 3 10211 (d) HPO 422 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF PO 432 ( aq ) 1 H 3 O 1 ( aq ) K a 5 4 3 10213 HPO 422 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF H 2 PO 42 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) K b 5 1 3 1027 (e) PO 432 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O EF HPO 422 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq )

  10. ZnBr 2 , KClO 4 , LiF , NaOH , Sr(OH) 2

  11. NH 41 ( aq ) 1 NO 22 ( aq ) EF NH 3 ( aq ) 1 HNO 2 ( aq ) K 5 9 3 1027 Equilibrium is in the direction of the reactants; reaction unlikely.

  12. 68 L

  13. 5 g

  14. 4 g

  15. 9 3 1029

  16. c

  17. (a) LT (b) LT (c) EQ (d) MI (e) LT (f) GT

  18. (1) weak acid; (2) strong acid

  19. Dissolve 0 mol in water, measure pH. If pH. 7, solid is basic; pH , 13, it is a weak base. If pH , 7, solid is acidic; if pH. 1, it is a weak acid.

  21. (a) 2 5 kJ (b) 2 6 kJ

  23. 1 3 102 mL

  24. 2 1 8 C

  26. HA

  27. 5 3 1027

Chapter 14 2. (a) H 1 ( aq ) 1 C 2 H 3 O 22 ( aq ) 9: HC 2 H 3 O 2 ( aq ) (b) H 1 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: H 2 O (c) HOCl( aq ) 1 CN 2 ( aq ) 9: HCN( aq ) 1 OCl 2 ( aq ) (d) HNO 2 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: NO 22 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O 4. (a) Fe(H 2 O) 631 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: Fe(OH)(H 2 O) 521 1 H 2 O (b) HCO 32 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: CO 322 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O (c) NH 41 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: NH 3 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O 6. (a) 5 3 104 (b) 1 3 1014 (c) 48 (d) 6 3 1010 8. (a) 6 3 1011 (b) 4 3 103 (c) 5 3 104 10. (a) [OH 2 ] 5 9 31029 ; pH 5 5. (b) [OH 2 ] 5 9 31028 ; pH 5 6. (c) [OH 2 ] 5 1 31027 ; pH 5 7. (d) [OH 2 ] 5 3 31027 ; pH 5 7. (e) [OH 2 ] 5 4 31027 ; pH 5 7. 12. 4. 14. (a) 8 (b) pH remains the same. 16. 7. 18. d 20. 5. 22. 9. 24. (a) HC 2 H 3 O 2 /C 2 H 3 O 22 (b) HCN/CN 2 (c) HCO 32 /CO 322 26. (a) 0:1 (b) 0. (c) 9 3 102 mL (d) 4 3 102 mL 28. (a) 0 M OH 2 ; 0 M H 1 (b) 0 M OH 2 ; 0 M H 1 (c) 0 M OH 2 ; 0 M H 1 (d) 0 M OH 2 ; 0 M H 1 (e) 0 M OH 2 ; 1 M H 1 30. (a) 4. (b) 3. (c) 4. 32. (a) 4 (b) 1 (c) 12. (d) In both problems (a) is the same. The pH in (b) and (c) differ dramatically. (e) Dilution does not affect pH but drastically reduces the buffer capacity. 34. (a) 4 (b) 4 (c) 0. 36. (a) 0 (b) 37% (c) 65% 38. (a) methyl orange (b) phenolphthalein (c) all three will work (d) methyl orange 40. (a) 3 3 10210 (b) 8 2 10. (c) blue

  1. (a) 35 mL (b) 7 (c) [K 1 ] 5 [Cl 2 ] 5 0 M
  2. (a) HSO 32 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: SO 322 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O (b) 0 M (c) [Na 1 ] 5 [K 1 ] 5 [SO 322 ] 5 0 M ; [OH 2 ] 5 [HSO 32 ] 5 1 3 1024 M (d) 10.
  3. (a) BrO 32 s aq d 1 H 1 s aq d∆HBrOs aq d (b) 64 mL (c) 4. (d) [H 1 ] 5 [BrO 2 ] 5 2 31025 M; [K 1 ] 5 [NO 3 2 ] 5 [HBrO] 5 0 M 48**. (a)** H 1 s aq d 1 OH 2 s aq d∆H 2 O (b) H 2 O, K 1 , Br 2 (c) 32 mL (d) 1. 0; 2. 1; 3. 7
  4. (a) C 17 H 19 O 3 N( aq ) 1 H 1 ( aq ) EF C 17 H 19 O 3 NH 1 ( aq ) (b) C 17 H 19 O 3 NH 1 , Cl 2 (c) 71 mL (d) 10. (e) 7 (f) 4.
  5. (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 8.
  6. 14 L
  7. (a) 45 g/mol (b) 5 3 1024 (c) 1 3 10211
  8. 62 mL
  9. (a) 2 (b) 2.
  10. (a) buffer

(b) buffer

(c) base

  1. (a) EQ (b) GT (c) GT (d) MI (e) LT

  2. a and d

  3. Measure freezing point of solution: 1 L HCl has 2 3 1023 mol particles (H 1 , Cl 2 ions) 1 L HCHO 2 has < 6 3 1023 mol particles (HCHO 2 molecules) 1 L C 6 H 5 NH 31 has < 8 3 1022 mol particles (C 6 H 5 NH 31 , Cl 2 ions) Or, one could measure the pH at the equivalence point after titration with a strong base. HCl , HCHO 2 , C 6 H 5 NH 31

  5. 33 mL

  6. 1 3 102 g/mol

[NH 41 ]
[NH 3 ] 5 5 3

2

  1. (a) 1 (b) 3 (c) 8. (d) 5 (e) 10.
  2. x 5 2
  3. (a) 0 (b) 0.
  4. 4 3 1026
  5. 6 g
  6. 15 g
  7. (a) Yes, excess OH 2 in solution. (b) 1 M (c) 2 mL

Chapter 15 2. (a) 3 3 1023 M (b) 5 3 1025 M 4. 1 3 1024 6. (a) AgCl( s ) EF Ag 1 ( aq ) 1 Cl 2 ( aq ) K sp 5 [Ag 1 ] 3 [Cl 2 ] (b) Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3 ( s ) EF 2Al 31 ( aq ) 1 3CO 322 ( aq ) K sp 5 [Al 31 ] 2 3 [CO 322 ] 3 (c) MnS 2 ( s ) EF Mn 41 ( aq ) 1 2S 22 ( aq ) K sp 5 [Mn 41 ] 3 [S 22 ] 2 (d) Mg(OH) 2 ( s ) EF Mg 21 ( aq ) 1 2OH 2 ( aq ) K sp 5 [Mg 21 ] 3 [OH 2 ] 2 8. (a) PbO 2 ( s ) EF Pb 41 ( aq ) 1 2O 22 ( aq ) (b) Hg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ( s ) EF 3Hg 21 ( aq ) 1 2PO 432 ( aq ) (c) Ni(OH) 3 ( s ) EF Ni 31 ( aq ) 1 3OH 2 ( aq ) (d) Ag 2 SO 4 ( s ) EF 2Ag 1 ( aq ) 1 SO 422 ( aq ) 10. (a) [Li 1 ] 5 0 M (b) [NO 22 ] 5 0 M (c) [Sn 21 ] 5 2 3 10219 M 12. (a) 4 3 1025 (b) 0 M (c) 2 3 10211 14. (a) [Ba 21 ] 5 [C 2 O 422 ] 5 1 3 1023 M (b) [OH 2 ] 5 2 3 1028 M (c) [Pb 21 ] 5 2 3 10215 M 16. (a) 3 3 1024 M (b) 1 3 10210 M (c) 6 3 1026 M 18. (a) 8 3 1025 (b) 1 3 10213 (c) 8 3 10233 20. (a) 6 3 1023 g/L (b) 5 3 1028 g/L (c) 1 3 1023 g/L 22. 5 3 10216 24. (a) yes (b) no 26. 9 3 10215 28. (a) [Cd 21 ] 5 1 3 1025 M (b) 8. (c) 1 3 101 % 30. yes; 1 3 1022 M 32. (a) yes (b) [Ag 1 ] 5 1 3 1022 M ; [CO 322 ] 5 3 3 1028 M ; [Na 1 ] 5 6 3 1024 M ; [NO 32 ] 5 1 3 1022 M 34. (a) Pb(OH) 2 (b) 9. 36. (a) PbCrO 4 (b) 3 3 10212 M 38. Both BaCO 3 and CaCO 3 will precipitate. 40. (a) CaF 2 ( s ) 1 2H 1 ( aq ) EF Ca 21 ( aq ) 1 2HF( aq ) (b) CuCO 3 ( s ) 1 2H 1 ( aq ) EF Cu 21 ( aq ) 1 H 2 CO 3 ( aq ) (c) Ti(OH) 3 ( s ) 1 3H 1 ( aq ) EF Ti 31 ( aq ) 1 3H 2 O (d) Sn(OH) 622 ( aq ) 1 H 1 ( aq ) EF Sn(OH) 52 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O (e) Cd(NH 3 ) 421 ( aq ) 1 H 1 ( aq ) EF Cd(NH 3 ) 321 ( aq ) 1 NH 41 ( aq ) 42. (a) Cu(OH) 2 ( s ) 1 4NH 3 ( aq ) 9: Cu(NH 3 ) 421 ( aq ) 1 2OH 2 ( aq ) (b) Cd 21 ( aq ) 1 4NH 3 ( aq ) 9: Cd(NH 3 ) 421 ( aq ) (c) Pb 21 ( aq ) 1 2NH 3 ( aq ) 1 2H 2 O 9: Pb(OH) 2 ( s ) 1 2NH 41 ( aq )

  1. (a) 4 kJ (b) < 5 3 102 g
  2. 1430 K
  3. (1) D G 8 5 146 2 0 T ; becomes spontaneous above 10508 C (2) D G 8 5 168 2 0 T ; becomes spontaneous above 19508 C
  4. 2 0 kJ/mol? K
  5. 26 kJ
  6. 464 K
  7. 0 kJ/mol

Chapter 17 2. (a) CH 3 OH( aq ) 1 H 2 O 9: CO 2 ( g ) 1 6 e 2 1 6H 1 ( aq ) (b) NO 32 ( aq ) 1 8 e 2 1 10H 1 9: NH 41 ( aq ) 1 3H 2 O (c) Fe 31 ( aq ) 1 3 e 2 9: Fe( s ) (d) V 21 ( aq ) 1 6OH 2 ( aq ) 9: VO 32 1 3 e 2 1 3H 2 O 4. (a) 2H 1 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O 2 ( aq ) 1 2Ni 21 ( aq ) 9: 2Ni 31 ( aq ) 1 2H 2 O (b) 14H 1 ( aq ) 1 Cr 2 O 722 ( aq ) 1 3Sn 21 ( aq ) 9: 2Cr 31 ( aq ) 1 3Sn 41 ( aq ) 1 7H 2 O 6. (a) P 4 ( s ) 1 12Cl 2 ( aq ) 1 12H 1 ( aq ) 9: 4PH 3 ( g ) 1 6Cl 2 ( g ) (b) 2MnO 42 ( aq ) 1 6H 1 ( aq ) 1 5NO 22 ( aq ) 9: 2Mn 21 ( aq ) 1 3H 2 O 1 5NO 32 ( aq ) (c) 3HBrO 3 ( aq ) 1 2Bi( s ) 9: 3HBrO 2 ( aq ) 1 Bi 2 O 3 ( s ) (d) 2CrO 422 ( aq ) 1 3SO 322 ( aq ) 1 10H 1 ( aq ) 9: 2Cr 31 ( aq ) 1 3SO 422 ( aq ) 1 5H 2 O 8. (a) 3Ca( s ) 1 8H 2 O 1 2VO 432 ( aq ) 9: 3Ca 21 ( aq ) 1 2V 21 ( aq ) 1 16OH 2 ( aq ) (b) C 2 H 4 ( g ) 1 10H 2 O 1 6BiO 32 ( aq ) 9: 2CO 2 ( g ) 1 6Bi 31 ( aq ) 1 24OH 2 ( aq ) (c) 2H 2 O 1 2PbO 2 ( s ) 9: 2Pb 21 ( aq ) 1 O 2 ( g ) 1 4OH 2 ( aq ) (d) 16Cl 2 ( aq ) 1 9H 2 O 1 3IO 32 ( aq ) 9: 8Cl 2 ( g ) 1 I 32 ( aq ) 1 18OH 2 ( aq ) 10. (a) 2NO( g ) 1 5H 2 ( g ) 9: 2NH 3 ( g ) 1 2H 2 O( g ) (b) H 2 O 2 ( aq ) 1 2ClO 2 ( aq ) 1 2H 1 ( aq ) 9: O 2 ( g ) 1 Cl 2 ( g ) 1 2H 2 O (c) Zn( s ) 1 2VO 21 ( aq ) 1 4H 1 ( aq ) 9: Zn 21 ( aq ) 1 2V 31 ( aq ) 1 2H 2 O 12. (a) 3Cd( s ) 1 2Sb 31 ( aq ) 9: 3Cd 21 ( aq ) 1 2Sb( s ) (b) 2Cu 1 ( aq ) 1 Mg 21 ( aq ) 9: 2Cu 21 ( aq ) 1 Mg( s ) (c) 2Cr 31 ( aq ) 1 ClO 32 ( aq ) 1 4H 2 O 9: Cr 2 O 722 ( aq ) 1 Cl 2 ( aq ) 1 8H 1 ( aq ) 14. (a) Sn anode, Ag cathode; e 2 move from Sn to Ag. Anions move to Sn and cations to Ag. (b) Pt both anode and cathode. Anode has H 2 gas and H 1 ; cathode has chloride ions, Hg and Hg 2 Cl 2. e 2 move from anode to cathode. Anions move to the anode; cat- ions move to the cathode. (c) Pb anode and PbO 2 cathode. e 2 move from Pb to PbO 2. Anions move to Pb; cations to PbO 2. 16. (a) anode to cathode (b) Pt (c) MnO 42 ( aq ) 1 8H 1 ( aq ) 1 5 e 2 9: Mn 21 ( aq ) 1 4H 2 O 18. anode: 2I 2 ( aq ) 9: I 2 ( s ) 1 2 e 2 cathode: Br 2 ( l ) 1 2 e 2 9: 2Br 2 ( aq ) overall: Br 2 ( l ) 1 2I 2 ( aq ) 9: 2Br 2 ( aq ) 1 I 2 ( s ) cell notation: Pt&I 2 &I 2 'Br 2 , Br 2 &Pt

  1. (a) Br 2 (b) Ni (c) Hg 221

  2. K 1 < Mn 21 < S < Cl 2 < Co 31

  3. oxidizing agents: Fe 21 < Ni 21 < H 1 < Cu 1 reducing agents: Fe 21 < Cu 1 < Zn both oxidizing and reducing agents: Cu 1 , Fe 21

  4. (a) Co 21 (b) Mn (c) Co 31 (d) Mn 21 (e) yes (f) no (g) Co 31 , Fe 31 (h) Cd, Pb, Mn

  5. (a) O 2 (b) Na, Ca (c) Ca, Ba, K

  6. (a) 2 V (b) 1 V (c) 2 0 V

  7. (a) 0 V (b) 0 V

  8. (a) 2 0 V (b) 2 V (c) 0 V

  9. (a) 2 0 V (b) 1 1 V (c) 1 0 V; same

  10. a

  11. (1) 2Co 31 ( aq ) 1 2I 2 ( aq ) 9: 2Co 21 ( aq ) 1 I 2 ( s ) E 8 5 1 V (2) 6Co 3 1 ( aq ) 1 2Cr 3 1 ( aq ) 1 7H 2 O 9: 6Co 21 ( aq ) 1 14H 1 ( aq ) 1 Cr 2 O 722 ( aq ) E 8 5 0 V (3) Cr 2 O 722 ( aq ) 1 14H 1 ( aq ) 1 6I 2 ( aq ) 9: 3I 2 ( s ) 1 2Cr 31 ( aq ) 1 7H 2 O E 8 5 0 V

  12. (a) Nitrate will oxidize Cu to Cu 21 but not Au to Au 31. (b) no product (c) Both acidic and basic mediums will work.

  13. (a) no reaction (b) MnO 2 ( s ) 1 4H 1 ( aq ) 1 2Hg( l ) 9: Mn 21 ( aq ) 1 2H 2 O 1 Hg 221 ( aq ) E 8 5 1 0 V (c) no reaction

  14. Na and Pb

  15. (a) no reaction (b) no reaction (c) 2Cr 21 ( aq ) 1 S( s ) 1 2H 1 ( aq ) 9: 2Cr 31 ( aq ) 1 H 2 S( aq )

  16. (a) D G 8 5 15 kJ; E 8 5 20 V (b) D G 8 5 2 45 kJ; K 5 8 3 107 (c) E 8 5 0 V; K 5 10

  17. (a) 2 104 kJ (b) 2 208 kJ (c) 2 312 kJ

  18. E 8 5 0 V; D G 8 5 2 52 kJ; K 5 1 3 109

  19. (a) 2 444 kJ (b) 2 1059 kJ (c) 325 kJ

  20. (a) 1 3 1019 (b) 1 3 1018

  21. 1 3 1025

  22. 0 V

  23. (a) 0 V (b) E 5 0 2

0.
2

ln

[Mn 21 ]

(c) 2 0 V [Br 2 ] 2 [H 1 ] 4 66. (a) 0 V (b) E 5 0 2

0.
6

ln

s P NOd 2 [OH 2 ] 8 (c) 0. 299 V [S 22 ] 3 [NO 32 ] 2 68. (a) 0 V (b) 2 0 V 70. 1. 72. [H 1 ] 5 8 3 1027 M 74. (a) yes; E 8 5 0 V (b) yes; E 5 0 V (c) no; E 5 2 0 V (d) 7. 76. (a) 0 V (b) 1 3 1023 M (c) 1 3 1025 78. (a) 1 3 1023 e 2 (b) 2 3 104 C (c) 2 g H 2 ; 8 g Cl 2 80. (a) 7 3 103 C (b) Cu 82. (a) 5 g (b) 6 min 84. (a) 8 3 107 J (b) $2. 86. 0 g Cd; 0 g Ni 2 O 3 88. (a) 2 1 V (b) 1 g

  1. 96 g
  2. 0 V
  3. no ( E 5 20 V)
  4. c
  5. b
  6. (a) (1) 2Tl( s ) 1 Tl 31 ( aq ) 9: 3Tl 1 ( aq ) (2) 2Tl( s ) 1 Tl 31 ( aq ) 9: 3Tl 1 ( aq ) (3) 2Tl( s ) 1 Tl 31 ( aq ) 9: 3Tl 1 ( aq ) (b) (1) 1 V (2) 0 V (3) 1 V (c) (1) 2 313 kJ (2) 2 313 kJ (3) 2 313 kJ (d) D G 8 is a state property; E 8 is not.
  7. Y. X. Z
  8. <31% Sn and 68% Cu
  9. 2 V
  10. (a) 0 V (b) increases; decreases (c) 1 3 10221 (d) [Zn 21 ] 5 2 M ; [Sn 21 ] 5 2 3 10221 M
  11. (a) 1 3 105 J; 0 3 105 J; 1 3 105 J (b) 2 0 V
  12. 0 V
  13. 12 days
  14. 79% for Zn; 21% for Sn

Chapter 18 2. (a) 2814 Si (b) 63 Li (c) 2311 Na 4. (a) Ni (b) Se (c) Cd 6. 5124 Cr¡ 01 e 15123 V 8. (a) Th-231 (b) Pa- 10. (a) 5226 Fe 9: 5225 Mn 1 01 e

(b) 22888 Ra 9: 22889 Ac 1 201 e (c) 23695 Am 9: 23293 Np 1 42 He 12. (a) 23090 Th 9: 42 He 1 22688 Ra (b) 21082 Pb 9: 201 e 1 21083 Bi (c) 23592 U 1 10 n 9: 14056 Ba 1 310 n 1 9336 Kr (d) 3718 Ar 1 201 e 9: 1737 Cl 14. (a) 272111 Rg (b) 260105 Db 16. The product ( 282114 Z) is the same. 18. (a) 5426 Fe 1 42 He 9: 2 11 H 1 5626 Fe (b) 9642 Mo 1 21 H 9: 10 n 1 9743 Tc (c) 4018 Ar 1 42 He 9: 4319 K 1 11 H (d) 3116 S 1 10 n 9: 11 H 1 3115 P 20. (a) 7835 Br (b) 5926 Fe (c) 42 He (d) 2411 Na 22. 5 3 1012 atoms 24. 1 3 1025 Ci 26. 5 3 104 Ci 28. 5 3 103 Ci 30. 5 3 10214 g 32. 7 3 107 b -particles; 3 3 1025 Ci 34. (a) 8 days (b) 22 atoms 36. No. The canvas is about 235 years old, which means it was used around 1775. 38. 9 3 103 yr 40. 8 years 42. 4 3 109 yr

  1. (a) 9038 Sr 9: 2 201 e 1 9040 Zr (b) 2 0 g/mol (c) 2 3 104 kJ
  2. (a) 0 g/mol (b) 2 3 1010 kJ/mol
  3. Ca-
  4. fusion
  5. 1 3 1022
  6. (a) 16% (b) 18 mg
  7. 8 3 10211 g
  8. 2 3 103 counts/min/mL
  9. 2 Ci
  10. 6 3 102 mL
  11. 2C 2 O 422 /Cr 31
  12. 38 mL
  13. 2 3 1023 nm
  14. (a) Alpha particles (He nuclei) attracted to negative pole; beta particles (electrons) attracted to positive pole. (b) Can follow path of C-11 in organic compounds in brain, using radiation counter. (c) Neutrons produced can continue ssion reaction.
  15. t 1/2 5 3 hours
  16. 99% remains after one year. Decay is slow.
  17. 5 3 10219 mol/L
  18. (a) 2 3 1029 g (b) 5 3 1023 kJ (c) 73 rems
  19. (a) 1 3 10213 J (b) 6 3 106 m/s
  20. (a) 2 5 3 108 kJ/g (b) 2 1 3 1028 kJ (c) 1 3 10211
  21. 8 3 1026 atm
  22. 3 3 106 yr
  23. 4 3 10229

Chapter 19 2. (a) en 5 0; SCN 5 2 1, OH 5 21 (b) 13 (c) Mg[Cd( en )(SCN) 2 (OH) 2 ] 4. (a) Pt(NH 3 ) 2 (C 2 O 4 ) (b) Pt(NH 3 ) 2 (SCN)Br (c) Pt( en )(NO 2 ) 2 6. (a) 6 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 2 8. (a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 2 (d) 3 10. (a) [Fe(H 2 O) 6 ] 2 (CO 3 ) 3 (b) Ba[Pt(OH) 3 Br 3 ] 2 (c) Ba[V( en )Cl 4 ] (d) [Au(CN) 2 ] 2 CO 3 12. (a) Pt(NH 3 ) 641 (b) Ag(CN) 22 (c) Zn(C 2 O 4 ) 222 (d) Cd(CN) 422 14. 28% 16. one 18. (a) [Cr(NH 3 ) 2 (H 2 O) 4 ]Cl 2 (b) [Cd(Cl) 4 (SO 4 ) 32 ] (c) Na 2 [Ni(OH) 4 ] (d) [Fe(Br) 2 ( en ) 21 ] 20. (a) sodium tetrahydroxoaluminate(III) (b) diaquadioxalatocobaltate(III) (c) triamminetrichloroiridium(III) (d) diamminedibromoethylenediaminechromium(III) sulfate 22. (a) hexaaquairon(III) (b) amminetribromoplatinate(II)

  1. (a) Fe(OH) 3 ( s ) 1 3H 2 C 2 O 4 ( aq ) 9: Fe(C 2 O 4 ) 332 ( aq ) 1 3H 2 O 1 3H 1 ( aq ) (b) 0 L
  2. 2%
  3. 2 3 103 K
  4. Cr 2 O 722 ( aq ) 1 2OH 2 ( aq ) 9: 2CrO 422 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O 2Ag 1 ( aq ) 1 CrO 422 ( aq ) 9: Ag 2 CrO 4 ( s ) Ag 2 CrO 4 ( s ) 1 4NH 3 ( aq ) 9: 2Ag(NH 3 ) 21 ( aq ) 1 CrO 422 ( aq ) 2Ag(NH 3 ) 21 ( aq ) 1 4H 1 ( aq ) 1 CrO 422 ( aq ) 9: Ag 2 CrO 4 ( s ) 1 4NH 41 ( aq )

Chapter 21 2. (a) bromic acid (b) potassium hypoiodite (c) sodium chlorite (d) sodium perbromate 4. (a) KBrO 2 (b) CaBr 2 (c) NaIO 4 (d) Mg(ClO) 2 6. (a) NO 32 (b) SO 422 (c) ClO 42 8. (a) H 2 SO 3 (b) HClO (c) H 3 PO 3 10. (a) NaN 3 (b) H 2 SO 3 (c) N 2 H 4 (d) NaH 2 PO 4 12. (a) H 2 S (b) N 2 H 4 (c) PH 3 14. (a) NH 3 , N 2 H 4 (b) HNO 3 (c) HNO 2 (d) HNO 3 16. (a) 2I 2 ( aq ) 1 SO 422 ( aq ) 1 4H 1 ( aq ) 9: I 2 ( s ) 1 SO 2 ( g ) 1 2H 2 O (b) 2I 2 ( aq ) 1 Cl 2 ( g ) 9: I 2 ( s ) 1 2Cl 2 ( aq ) 18. (a) 3HClO( aq ) 9: Cl 2 ( g ) 1 HClO 2 ( g ) 1 H 2 O (b) 2ClO 32 ( aq ) 9: ClO 42 ( aq ) 1 ClO 22 ( aq ) 20. (a) Cl 2 ( g ) 1 2Br 2 ( aq ) 9: 2Cl 2 ( aq ) 1 Br 2 ( l ) (b) NR (c) NR (d) NR 22. (a) Pb(N 3 ) 2 ( s ) 9: 3N 2 ( g ) 1 Pb( s ) (b) 2O 3 ( g ) 9: 3O 2 ( g ) (c) 2H 2 S( g ) 1 O 2 ( g ) 9: 2S( s ) 1 2H 2 O 24. (a) Cd 21 ( aq ) 1 H 2 S( aq ) 9: CdS( s ) 1 2H 1 ( aq ) (b) H 2 S( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: H 2 O 1 HS 2 ( aq ) (c) 2H 2 S( aq ) 1 O 2 ( g ) 9: 2H 2 O 1 2S( s ) 26. (a) 2H 1 ( aq ) 1 CaCO 3 ( s ) 9: CO 2 ( g ) 1 H 2 O 1 Ca 21 ( aq ) (b) H 1 ( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: H 2 O (c) Cu( s ) 1 4H 1 ( aq ) 1 SO 422 ( aq ) 9: Cu 21 ( aq ) 1 2H 2 O 1 SO 2 ( g ) 28. (a) Cl 9 O 9 Cl (b) O 9 N#N

(c) P P

P P

(d) N#N

  1. a and b

  2. (a) O

O 9 N"O] (b)

O

O

] H 9 O 9 S 9 O

(c)

O

O

] H 9 O 9 P 9 O 9 H

  1. (a)

O O

O 9 N 9 O 9 N 9 O (b)

O

H 9 O 9 N"O

(c)

O

O

2 ] O 9 S 9 O

36. 14 L
38. 0 M
  1. 7 3 104 L; 1 3 105 g
  2. 12 L; 3.
  3. 4, 0 M
  4. 1 3 1023
  5. 0 g/100 mL
  6. yes; 0 K
  7. (a) yes (b) 2 3 1016
  8. 510 K
  9. 2 3 105 g
  10. 27 kg
  11. b, c, d
  13. (a) dispersion (b) dispersion, dipole (c) dispersion, H } bonds (d) dispersion, H } bonds (e) no intermolecular forces; not a molecule
  14. (a) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) 23
  15. (a) HClO (b) S, KClO 3 (c) NH 3 , NaClO (d) HF
  16. (a) See text pages 540–541. (b) has an unpaired electron (c) H 1 is a reactant. (d) C is a product.
  17. density of sulfur; depth of deposit, purity of S
  18. no
  19. 1%
  20. Assume reaction is NaN 3 ( s ) 9: Na( s ) 1 32 N 2 ( g ) Assume 25 8 C, 1 atm pressure; mass of NaN 3 is 35 g.

Chapter 22 2. (a) alkene (b) alkyne (c) alkane 4. (a) C 9 H 16 (b) C 22 H 44 (c) C 10 H 22 6. (a) 2-methyloctane (b) 2,2-dimethylpropane (c) 2,2,4-trimethylpentane (d) 2,5-dimethylheptane 8. (a)

CH 3

CH 3

CH 39 C 9 CH 29 C 9 CH 3

H

CH 3

(b)

CH 3

CH 3

CH 39 C 9 CH 3

(c) CH 39 (CH 2 ) 29 C 9 (CH 2 ) 39 CH 3 CH 39 C 9 CH 3

H

H

(d)

CH 3

H

CH 3

H

H

CH 3

CH 39 C 9 C 9 C 9 (CH 2 ) 29 CH 3

10.

(a)

CH 3

CH 3 2,2-dimethylbutane

CH 39 C 9 CH 29 CH 3

(b)

2,2-dimethylbutane CH 39 (CH 2 ) 29 CH 9 CH 3

2-methylpentane

CH 3

(c) CH 2

2-methylbutane

CH 3

CH 39 CH 9 CH 3

  1. (a) CH 39 C#C 9 CH 29 CH 3

(b) CH 39 C#C 9 CH 9 CH 3 CH 3

(c) CH 39 CH 9 C#C 9 CH 29 CH 3

CH 3

(d) CH 3

H 9 C#C 9 C 9 CH 3

CH 3

  1. (a) o -chlorotoluene (b) m -bromotoluene (c) 1,2,5-tribromotoluene

  2. (a) alcohol (b) ester (c) ester, acid

  3. (a) ether (b) ester (c) amine (d) carboxylic acid (e) ketone

  4. (a)

H

OH

CH 39 C 9 CH 3 (b)

H O CH 39 C 9 C 9 OH CH 3

(c) CH 3

CH 3 H

H O

CH 39 C 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 CH 3

22.

O

O H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 H

H

H

H 9 C 9 OH

O H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 H

H

H

H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 H

O

O H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 H

H

H

H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 CH 3

O

O H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 CH 3

H

H

H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 CH 3

O

H 9 C 9 OH

H

H

H 9 C 9 O 9 C 9 CH 3

  1. (a) butane , diethylether , 1-butanol (b) hexane , dipropylether , 1-hexanol
  2. pH of C 6 H 5 NH 31 5 2; pH of CH 3 COOH 5 2; pHs are comparable.
28. 0.
30.

C"C 9 C 9 C 9 9 C 9 C"C 9 C 99 C 9 C 9 C 9 C

Cl

9 C 9 C 9 C 9 Cl Cl

Cl 9 C 9 C 9 C 9

Cl Cl

9 C 9 C 9 C 9 Cl Cl

9 C 9 C 9 C 9

34.

Cl ClCl

Cl

Cl

Cl

Cl

ClCl

36.

Cl Br 9 C"C 9 C 9 C 9 ,

Cl Br 9 C"C 9 C 9 C 9 ,

Br Cl 9 C"C 9 C 9 C 9 ,

Br Cl 9 C 9 C"C 9 C 9 ,

9 C 9 C"C 9 Br Cl

9 C 9

38.
O

9 C 9 C 9 C 9 C 9 OH, 9 C 9 C 9 C 9

C

HO O

  1. All of the compounds in Problem 36 show cis-trans isomerism except

9 C 9 C"C 9 Br Cl

9 C 9

where there are two } CH 3 groups attached to the same carbon. 42. b, c 44. c and d 46. (a) } center carbon (b) none (c) } carbon atom at right 48. (a) addition (b) elimination (c) condensation 50. (a) 2,3-dichloro-2-methylbutane (b) 2,3-diodo-2-methylbutane 52. Three pairs of electrons spread around the ring 54. (a) no multiple bonds (b) sodium salt of a long-chain carboxylic acid (c) twice the volume of alcohol present (d) ethanol with additives (mainly methanol) that make it unpalatable, sometimes even poisonous 56. (a) (CH 3 ) 2 NH( aq ) 1 H 1 ( aq ) 9: (CH 3 ) 2 NH 21 ( aq ) (b) CH 3 COOH( aq ) 1 OH 2 ( aq ) 9: CH 3 COO 2 ( aq ) 1 H 2 O

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마스터톤 일반화학 8판 솔루션 - 마스터톤일반화학 8판 솔루션

Course: 일반화학1 (CLT0084)

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Appendix 5
Answers to Even-Numbered and
Challenge Questions and Problems
Chapter 1
2. (a) element
(b) mixture
(c) compound
(d) mixture
4. (a) heterogeneous mixture
(b) heterogeneous mixture
(c) solution
6. (a) chromatography
(b) distillation or chromatography
8. (a) Cu (b) C (c) Br (d) Al
10. (a) manganese (b) gold (c) lead (d) silver
12. (a) yardstick (b) buret/pipet (c) thermometer
14. 1778C; 4.50 3 102 K
16. 358C; 958F
18. (a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 1 (e) 5
20. (a) 17.25 cm (b) 169 lb
(c) 5.00 3 102 8C (d) 198 oz
22. (a) 4.0206 3 103 mL
(b) 1.006 g
(c) 1.001 3 102 8C
24. b and c
26. 5 is exact; 4000 is ambiguous; 17 has two and 18.5
has three
28. (a) 10.6 (b) 80.1 (c) 0.40 (d) 0.0923
(e) 1.4 3 10225
30. 0.04 m3
32. (a) less than (b) greater than (c) equal
34. (a) 215.6 mL (b) 13.16 in3 (c) 0.2278 qt
36. (a) 1.15078 mi (b) 1852 m (c) 25 mph
38. (a) USD 3.09 (b) USD 43 (c) 2.1 3 102 mi
40. 1.85 3 1023 g/mL
42. 3.97 3 1014 L
44. 393.8 mg
46. 1.07 g/mL
48. 1.6 g/mL
50. 508 m
52. 3.88 3 104 g; 85.4 lb
54. supersaturated; 5 g
56. (a) homogeneous; 4.7 g more (b) 9.1 g
58. 479 rems; 1.6 3 103 mammograms
60. 320.0 g
62. 6.5 3 1024 in
64. 8.2 g/mL
66. (a) I (b) I (c) I (d) E (e) E
68. See pages 16–19
70. 3
72. (a) A (b) <238C (c) no; (see answer to (a))
73. (a)
2120 2100 280 260 240 220 4020
°C
°J
0 6
0 80 100
120
100
80
60
40
20
(b) 0.51
(c) 60
(d) 8J 5 0.512(8C) 1 60
74. 3208F 5 1608C
75. 1.2 km2
76. 21.9 cm
77. 8.1 3 1023 g Pb
78. 6.87 g/cm3
Chapter 2
2. See page 24
4. (a) none (b) conservation of mass
(c) none
6. Rutherford; see pages 25–26
8. (a) 86 p1 (b) 134 n
10. (a) 54
26Fe; 56
26Fe
(b) They differ in the number of neutrons. Fe-54 has 28,
whereas Fe-56 has 30.
12. (a) 95 (b) 241 (c) 241
95Am
14. (a) A is arsenic: 33p1, 42n, 33e2
(b) L is vanadium: 23p1, 28n, 23e2
(c) Z is xenon: 54p1, 77n, 54e2
16. (a) isobars: Cr-54 and Fe-54; Fe-58 and Ni-58
isotopes: Fe-54 and Fe-58
(b) number of protons
(c) Cr-54 and Ni-58
18. (a) , (c) , (b) , (d)
20. O-16
22. b
24. 20.2 amu
26. 64.94 amu; 65
29Cu
28. lightest isotope 78.6%; heaviest isotope 11.4%
30. (a) two: HCl-35 and HCl-37 (b) 36 and 38
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