- Información
- Chat IA
Tourism 12 A Sample notes on tourism with Us
Mercadeo (TO23)
Universidad Central del Paraguay
Comentarios
Otros documentos relacionados
Vista previa del texto
TOPIC I: INTRODUCTION TO CRUISE TOURISM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
- To understand the history of cruise tourism
- To define what is cruise tourism
- To identify the types of cruise
- To understand what motivates people to cruise
- To identify the environmental, social cultural, community, and economic impacts of cruising.
CONTENT:
BRIEF HISTORY OF CRUISE TOURISM
The cruise industry is a modern phenomenon but it is rooted from the early years of the 19th century. As travel by ship was the only means to travel overseas. The Duke of Bridgewater was initiated to start water transport services from Manchester to London in 1772. His boat was used to carry passengers as well as goods.
Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater - the 'Canal Duke' - inherited his title at the age of 11. After a broken engagement to Elizabeth Gunning, he devoted himself to his vast estates, especially Worsley, which were rich in coal. The canal enabled large quantities of coal and other goods to be transported efficiently and cheaply to the rapidly expanding towns and cities.
In 1815 steamboats were developed and used to carry passengers and goods. To launch the first cruise ship the credit goes to the king Charles IV of Sweden when he started his personal cruise ship in 1821. In 1824 the first commercial cruise ship was started under the flag of Ireland. Gradually, steamship excursions became so famous and it resulted in the introduction of modern age cruise lines.
In 1938 the Peninsular and Orient steam was launched as the first long distance steamship services from India to the Far East. This company is still operating and has a good grasp of the cruise market. The Cunard ship company followed the P&O company and began regular services to the American Continent in 1840.
During the 2nd half of the 19th century, Britain dominated the cruise industry. However, this dominance has decreased in the later century with the advent of the substantial emigrant from Europe and the steady growth of US visitors to Europe.
Thomas Cook (the father of travel agency business ) stimulated the British tourists to visit North America. In 1866 he succeeded in operating the first steamship excursion tour to the USA.
In the modern age, the UK started the first transatlantic lines ‘Titanic’ in 1912 which was sold to the Newfound-land Islands in 1913. Second important cruise line ‘Queen Mary’ was started in 1934. It had 2000 passengers capacity along with 1100 crew members. It offered every facility for passengers such as comfort, safety, and entertainment. It was considered one of the great ocean liners.
In 1938 another larger sister ship Queen Elizabeth was launched by the same company. During the Second World War, these ships were used to carry British troops but after the war, their main business was to carry passengers across the Atlantic.
The year 1958 was the turning point in steamship travel, as commercial jet aircraft ended the dominance of steamship. By the 1970's steamship travel was only a curiosity. Due to less demand, high fuel prices and long duration of the journey all these resulted in the closing of many cruise companies. Even many ship companies went bankrupt.
During 1980’s some large ships were converted into luxury liners, offering holidays to travelers who have money and time. Many cruise lines have taken the place of scheduled liner services.
The cruise industry is currently the fastest growing segment in the world tourism market and all tour operators now include cruises in their tour package.
CRUISE TOURISM DEFINED
Cruise tourism is a form of travelling for leisure or sport purposes that involves an all-inclusive holiday on a cruise ship.
Oasis of the Seas (225,282 GRT, 2009).
Cruise ships are getting larger. In the 1970s it was considered that a 25,000-t, 800-passenger vessel was the most cost effective and therefore profitable. Cruise ship builders now believe the economies of scale argument applies to much larger vessels, with many new ships weighing more than 150,000 t and capable of accommodating over 3000 passengers.
These ships offer a greater choice of facilities and activities and are designed for a new generation of passenger who has broader, more varied interests. Known as mega-liners, these vessels are recognized as giant floating resorts, and compete directly with luxury shore-based hotels. They have large multi-level hotel-style atrium-lobbies, glass elevators, impressive art works, glitzy casinos, show-lounges, shopping centres, health centres, computer and business centres, discos and observation lounges.
Cruising is no longer a sedentary experience, and as shore-side lifestyles become more active, new ships offer a range of options, which cover sports, recreation, entertainment and culture. Cruise companies are also investing heavily in the ‘biggest’, ‘grandest’ and ‘first’, such as the first wedding chapel, most impressive ice rink, best in-line skating track or biggest rock climbing wall.
TYPES OF CRUISE
The cruise lines fall into various categories. See what amenities they offer:
CONTEMPORARY CRUISE LINES
The contemporary cruise lines offer a variety of cruise schedules and itineraries that are perfect for younger adults and family cruises. These are the lines with the largest ships, the most onboard entertainment options, and the widest variety of amenities. This great array of options allows you to choose the type of vacation experience you want once you are on board the ship.
Lines that fall into this category are:
● Aida Cruises
● Carnival Cruise Line
● Costa Cruise Lines
● Celestyal Cruises
● Fred. Olsen Cruise Lines
● P & O Cruises
● P & O Cruises Australia
● Star Cruises
● Your Cuba Cruise
These lines are well suited for:
● Families with young children
● Families with teenagers
● Family reunions and multi-generational families
● 20- and 30-somethings looking for light adventure and various
sports activities
● 40- and 50-somethings looking for a couple’s vacation
● Travelers looking for a wide array of activities
● Seniors looking for new friends
● Solo travelers
● Couples looking for romantic getaways
● Destination weddings
● Honeymoons
● Adventure travelers looking for high thrills
UPSCALE CONTEMPORARY CRUISE LINES
These lines offer all the benefits of the contemporary cruise lines, but take things a step further, with finer amenities and a more upscale environment.
● MSC Cruises
● Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL)
● Royal Caribbean International (RCI)
● Viking Ocean Cruises
These lines are well suited for:
● Families with young children
● Families with teenagers
● Family reunions and multi-generational families
● 20- and 30-somethings looking for light adventure and various
sports activities
● 40- and 50-somethings looking for a couple’s vacation
● Couples looking for romantic getaways
● 40- and 50-somethings looking for a couple’s vacation
● Destination weddings
● Honeymoons
ULTRA-PREMIUM CRUISE LINES
The ultra-premium cruise lines tend to have smaller ships and offer voyages to popular ports, and unique itineraries featuring smaller, less-traveled destinations. They primarily cater to discerning passengers who are seeking a sophisticated level of service, ship amenities, and accommodations at upscale prices. Some lines may offer numerous included amenities. These lines are generally priced higher than the premium cruise lines.
Lines that fall into this category are:
● Azamara Club Cruises
● Cunard Line
● Oceania Cruises
● Windstar Cruises
These lines are well suited for:
● Seasoned travelers
● Adults who are destination-oriented and enjoy the finer things in
life
● Travelers looking for a boutique experience with a destination
immersion.
● Travelers who find the small touches make all the difference—from
the service to the food to the ships themselves.
● Adults seeking a “country club casual” experience with very
upscale surroundings and amenities
ULTRA-LUXURY CRUISE LINES
These are high end cruises, both in price and in amenities. They are designed for those who desire the finer things in life and have the budget for luxury. These cruise lines specialize in service and will cater to the traveler’s every desire.
Lines that fall into this category are:
● Crystal Cruises
● Hapag Lloyd Cruises
● Paul Gauguin Cruises
● Regent Seven Seas
● Seabourn
● Sea Cloud Cruises
● SeaDream Yacht Club
● Silversea
These lines are well suited for:
● Seasoned travelers
● Adults who are destination-oriented and enjoy the finer things in
life
● Adults looking for a small ship and boutique type of experience
● Cruisers seeking a destination immersion
● Travelers seeking an over-the-top experience with ultra-luxury
everything
● Cruises seeking an international atmosphere
● Travelers seeking a large ship with high-end amenities
● Cruisers with a great deal of knowledge about the fine arts and
cuisine, and are experts in matters of taste
● Travelers looking for exceptional service and a level of comfort and
style rare in today’s world
SMALL SHIP CRUISES
Small ships fill a niche for cruisers that are looking for more in-depth exploration of the regions they visit. They can visit ports that are inaccessible to larger ships, and exotic itineraries are the standard. Most river cruise ships and almost all of the luxury lines have ships that fall into this category.
Lines that fall into this category are:
● Blount Small Ship Adventures
● Blue Lagoon Cruises
● Captain Cook Cruises
● Great Lakes Cruise Company
● AFC Vacations
● CroisiEurope
● Farah Nile Cruises
● Imperial River Cruises
● President Cruises (China)
● Vantage Travel
Upscale Contemporary River Cruise Lines
● Amras Cruises
● Emerald Waterways
● St. Lawrence Cruise Lines
● Value World Tours, Inc.
● Viking River Cruises
● World Quest Cruises
● YMT Vacations
Premium River Cruise Lines
● Amadeus Cruises
● Avalon WaterwaysHaimark Line-Luxury Coastal Expeditions
● Pandaw River Cruises
● Sonesta Cruise Collection
● Tauck River Cruising
Luxury River Cruise Lines
● AmaWaterways
● A-ROSA Cruises
● Crystal River Cruises
● Scenic
● Uniworld Boutique River Cruise Collection
These lines are well suited for:
● Adults looking for a sophisticated, intimate small ship experience
● Travelers seeking an educational experience and a vacation filled
with history, and culture
● Seasoned travelers and, adults who are destination-oriented
● Those seeking to meet experts in their field who have a vast
knowledge of the cities visited
● Those who enjoy traveling and enjoying the company of
conversation with noteworthy academic experts
● Those seeking an immersion experience of the regions they visit, in
wine, food, and culture.
LUXURY HOTEL BARGES
The hotel barge became popular in the 1960s, and has now grown into a very large network of hundreds operating on the rivers and canals of France, Belgium, Germany, Scotland, and the UK. These luxury hotel barges vary greatly in size, configuration, scale and quality of accommodations, and standard and amount of catering. The largest barges take twenty-four guests, the smallest just four. All hotel barges have a high staff-to-guest ratio, but the smaller barges typically provide more personal attention and perhaps comfort. You can expect to get to know the other travelers well due to the intimate environment. These luxury hotel barges are wonderful for chartering and having your own private vacation.
Lines that fall into this category are:
● Abercrombie and Kent
● Afloat in France
● European Waterways
● France Cruises
● French Country Waterways
● The Barge Company
These lines are well suited for:
● Seasoned travelers
● Destination-oriented travelers
● Travelers who enjoy the finer things in life and are looking for a
small ship or boutique type of experience.
● Travelers seeking an immersion in small towns and villages
This segment of the cruise industry is unusual, offering a different type of experience and ship. Seasoned travelers as well as budget- conscious travelers will have an interest in these lines. These typically smaller cruise lines offer immersion experiences in various destinations. Some are yachts, sail-assisted ships, and dual-purpose cargo/passenger ships. All generally are regarded as the “”specialty lines.”
Lines that fall into this category are:
● Bora Bora Cruises
● Festiva Sailing Vacations
● Island Windjammers
● North Star Cruises Australia
● Ponant
● Star Clippers
These lines are well suited for:
● Adults looking for a sophisticated, intimate small ship experience
● Travelers seeking an educational experience and a vacation filled
with history and culture
● Seasoned travelers and, adults who are destination-oriented
● Highly educated travelers looking for an historically rich vacation
● Those seeking to meet experts in their field who have a vast
knowledge of the cities visited
● Those who enjoy an educational type of vacation
● Those who enjoy traveling and enjoying the company of
conversation with noteworthy academic experts
CRUISE MOTIVATIONS
The average age of cruise passengers is decreasing and it is no longer seen as the preserve of seniors and retirees. Traditionally, cruising has been the preserve of older people, mainly retirees.
However, today’s retired populations, who remain the majority of the cruise market, are fitter, more adventurous and more time-rich than their predecessors. In a quest to enrich their lives, these members of society have discovered that cruises are ideally suited to their needs. In addition to value for money, cruise lines offer options for health-conscious travellers through healthy dining options and fitness programmes. As already noted, onboard
enrichment programmes enable them to expand their knowledge of a wide range of subjects such as art, music, politics, photography, golf, wine and literature, or to take an in-depth look at the destinations they are visiting.
The cruise passenger market is segmented in various ways most commonly according to: ● Lifestyle ● Interest ● Lifestage (families, seniors, couples) ● Romantics ● Solo travellers ● and the accessibly challenged.
Baby Boomers are a major market for the industry, with their emphasis on safety and security, luxury accommodation and facilities (including gated communities at sea), healthy cuisine, new and exciting destinations (often on river cruises or expedition ships), challenging onboard activities and active shore-side adventures. A rapidly growing market segment is that of children and families, who are now beginning to turn the cruise ship deck into a playground.
Why people cruise has been studied for decades. Travel, escape, luxury, fine dining, adventure, safety, socializing are some of the reasons given for undertaking a cruise. However, a relatively low percentage of the US population (20%) has cruised despite over 60% indicating that they are interested in taking a cruise (Hung and Petrick, 2012).
To understand this discrepancy Hung and Petrick (2012) investigated the constraints to cruising of both cruisers and non-cruisers:
Cruisers had higher travel motivations and intention, and were more likely to negotiate their travel constraints than non-cruisers.
The study suggested companies could develop different marketing campaigns for each group, in order to retain existing customers and attract new cruise participants. Recommendations to encourage first-time cruisers targeted the key constraints.
For example, providing a matching service for those without a travel companion, a dating service for those looking for romance, child and/or elder care options for those busy with family or work schedules, and corporate facilities for business executive groups. Potential activities for existing cruisers include special interest tours to cater to the needs of different markets, onboard activities, and social interaction opportunities with staff and other passengers for those more interested in meeting people, and special interest enrichment programmes (Hung and Petrick, 2012).
Socializers were the largest group, and motivated by the status of a cruise vacation. They cruise to meet people, enjoy cocktail parties and dining with the captain, but also want to experience nature through eco-tours ashore.
The cultureds cruise to engage with other cultures, but also place high importance on travelling with a spouse and/or family
The study concludes that even though passengers take a cruise for different reasons, cruise companies must exceed the expectations of each segment equally, a particularly challenging corporate aspiration.
Some individuals are attracted to luxury cruising because of its perceived social value, when they are eager to tell friends about the experience so as to project a prestigious self-image, and enhance their social status or ‘face- consciousness’. Significantly, luxury cruise passengers perceive greater social esteem when cruising with those from similar backgrounds, and so if a luxury cruise provides relaxed meeting points where passengers can socialize together, they are more likely to perceive high social value. Therefore, marketing of a luxury cruise company could be achieved by developing programmes such as wine tastings and formal evening parties where passengers could meet people from similar economic backgrounds (Hyun and Han, 2015).
Whilst the above studies have focused on mainly North American cruisers, a different study examined the propensity for South Koreans to undertake a cruise (Hur and Adler, 2013). There is a rising demand for cruise travel connecting China, Korea and Japan. For instance, South Korea has recently emerged as a new cruise destination in the North East Asian region, with Jeju Island (one example) attracting many cruise ships. The Koreans themselves are not yet cruising in large numbers; however, Hur and Adler (2013) suggest there is great potential because relatively few Koreans have so far cruised. The lack of cruise experience for Koreans is largely due to a perception that cruising is expensive, it is only suitable for higher status people, it is an unfamiliar form of vacation and they have insufficient knowledge about it. However, the study also revealed the majority would take a cruise if they had the opportunity, especially on cruise ships home-ported in South Korea.
THE IMPACTS OF CRUISING
The rapid growth of the cruise industry has put a spotlight on its impacts on the natural environment, local communities and economies (Klein, 2011). Impacts may be beneficial (positive), neutral or adverse (negative), environmental, sociocultural and economic.
In the past two decades the cruise industry has shifted significantly
from one that focused on economic return and benefit to corporation shareholders, to one that is more responsible in relation to its environmental and social actions. It is moving along a continuum towards sustainability, and while it has not reached a position of complete triple bottom-line harmony, the signs are far more positive today in 2016 than they were a decade ago.
For example, the Caribbean region accounts for over 50% of the world’s market share of cruise ship passenger deployment, but generates less than 5% of the industry’s revenue, while at the same time imposing significant financial and environmental costs on a number of the islands (Pinnock, 2014). The focus of the modern cruise industry, especially in regions such as the Caribbean, is on developing the internal facilities of super post-Panama resort ships, and the balance of power is more than ever held by the cruise lines. The Caribbean destinations’ approach to assessment of cost and benefits, environmental and social impacts needs to change for the industry to be sustainable (Pinnock, 2014)
Environmental issues
Cruise Ship Waste Streams
Cruise ships generate a number of waste streams that can result in discharges to the marine environment, including sewage, graywater, hazardous wastes, oily bilge water, ballast water, and solid waste. They also emit air pollutants to the air and water. These wastes, if not properly treated and disposed of, can be a significant source of pathogens, nutrients, and toxic substances with the potential to threaten human health and damage aquatic life.
Blackwater is sewage, wastewater from toilets and medical facilities, which can contain harmful bacteria, pathogens, diseases, viruses, intestinal parasites, and harmful nutrients. Discharges of untreated or inadequately treated sewage can cause bacterial and viral contamination of fisheries and shellfish beds, producing risks to public health.
Cruise ships generate, on average, 8 gallons/day/person of sewage, and a large cruise ship (3,000 passengers and crew) can generate an estimated 15,000 to 30,000 gallons per day of sewage.
Graywater is wastewater from the sinks, showers, galleys, laundry, and cleaning activities aboard a ship. It can contain a variety of pollutant substances, including fecal coliform bacteria, detergents, oil and grease, metals, organics, petroleum hydrocarbons, nutrients, food waste, and medical
which the extracted oil can be reused, incinerated, and/or off-loaded in port. If a separator, which is normally used to extract the oil, is faulty or is deliberately bypassed, untreated oily bilge water could be discharged directly into the ocean, where it can damage marine life. According to the EPA, bilge water is the most common source of oil pollution from cruise ships. A number of cruise lines have been charged with environmental violations related to this issue in recent years.
Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a tremendous amount of ballast water to stabilize the vessel during transport. Ballast water is often taken on in the coastal waters in one region after ships discharge wastewater or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call, wherever more cargo is loaded, which reduces the need for compensating ballast. Thus, it is essential to the proper functioning of ships (especially cargo ships), because the water that is taken in compensates for changes in the ship's weight as cargo is loaded or unloaded, and as fuel and supplies are consumed. However, ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria. These materials often include non-native, nuisance, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems. Ballast water discharges are believed to be the leading source of invasive species in U. marine waters, thus posing public health and environmental risks, as well as significant economic cost to industries such as water and power utilities, commercial and recreational fisheries, agriculture, and tourism.
Air pollution from cruise ships is generated by diesel engines that burn high sulfur content fuel, producing sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and particulate matter, in addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Diesel exhaust has been classified by EPA as a likely human carcinogen. EPA recognizes that emissions from marine diesel engines contribute to unhealthy air and failure to meet air quality standards, as well as visibility degradation, haze, acid deposition, and eutrophication and nitrification of water estimates that ocean-going vessels account for about 10% of mobile source nitrogen oxide emissions, 24% of mobile source particulate emissions, and 80% of mobile source sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States in 2009. These percentages are expected to increase as other sources of these pollutants are controlled. Emissions from marine diesel engines can be higher on a port- specific basis. Ships are also an important source of greenhouse gas (GHG) pollutants. The International Maritime Organization estimates that international shipping contributed 2% of global carbon dioxide emissions in 2007. Vessels also emit significant amounts of black carbon and nitrogen oxides, which contribute to climate change.
Social cultural and community impacts
The cruise industry offers new development, and social and economic benefits
for populations living in or near cruise destination regions. However, cruise tourism, like other forms of tourism, can generate both beneficial and adverse impacts. Positive social benefits include the empowerment of local communities, community organization, improved education and facilities, and the promotion of local culture.
Examples of social drawbacks include the loss of community coherence, degradation of local culture, growth in crime and other social ills, and a loss of access to facilities for local people.
Sociocultural issues include the impact of large numbers of passengers and crew descending on small destination communities where overcrowding, congestion and other problems emerge, for example, in La Palma Island, Spain. Another example includes the town of Skagway, Alaska, which has a population of 1000, but can host 10,000 or more cruise tourists during a single day, depending on individual itineraries.
Another problem is the homogeneity of the port experience, which occurs if similar tourist stores are allowed to develop in each of the small port towns. A third issue is the lack of cultural authenticity in cruise destinations, with passengers often experiencing sanitized and compromised cultural attractions. The port town also benefits from shore excursions as it is almost fully catered for by local service providers. However, due to the arrival of larger ships, locals are beginning to feel ‘crowded out’ and unable to access local facilities when the ships are in port, with shops also raising prices on cruise days, in an attempt to optimize their income.
Economic impacts
The economic issues include the distribution of benefits between cruise companies and their destinations. Pallis suggests that ‘as more and more passengers enjoy the pleasure of cruising around the globe, ports and destinations enjoy direct, indirect, and induced positive economic impacts’, port-cities, destinations and stakeholders have justifiable reasons to explore strategies to increase their share in hosting passengers and cruise ships calls. When conditions enable it, cruise ports seek to increase returns by hosting home-porting activities. Cruise passengers are significant drivers of room night demand around embarkation and debarkation. In an economic study of the impact of cruise passengers staying in Charleston, South Carolina, before and after their cruise, the demand for room nights was not isolated to non-tourist districts of the greater metropolitan area, suggesting that a cruise from Charleston was coupled with a short holiday. The study covered a 3-year
Tourism 12 A Sample notes on tourism with Us
Materia: Mercadeo (TO23)
Universidad: Universidad Central del Paraguay
