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Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society
Science, Technology, and Society (STS-1)
DMC-College Foundation
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Lesson 2: Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society
Scientific Revolution
How can science be defined?
Science as an idea. It includes ideas, theories, and all available systematic explanations and observations about the natural and physical world.
Science as an intellectual activity. It encompasses a systematic and practical study of the natural and physical world. This process of study involves systematic observation and experimentation.
Science as a body of knowledge. It is a subject or a discipline, a field of study, or a body of knowledge that deals with the process of learning about the natural and physical world.
Science as a personal and social activity. This explains that science is both knowledge and activities done by human beings to develop better understanding of the world around them. It is a means to improve life and to survive in life. It is interwoven with people’s lives.
The idea of science revolution claimed to have started in the early 16th century up to the 18th century in Europe.
Scientific Revolution was the period of enlightenment when the developments in the fields of mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. It explained the mergence or birth of modern science as a result of these developments from the disciplines mentioned.
Influences to Scientific Revolution
Scientific Ideas
Humans Society
Scientific Revolutions
Scientific revolution is very significant in the development of human beings, transformation of the society, and in the formulation of scientific ideas.
Some Intellectuals and their Revolutionary Ideas
Intellectual Revolution is the time period when advancements of Science & Technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.
Scientists in all periods of time are driven by their curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to explore the physical and natural world. Their love for science is driven by their deep passion to know and to discover.
The development during the Intellectual Revolution showed how society was transformed by S & T.
Intellectual Revolutions:
Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud)
Copernican Revolution (Nicolaus Copernicus)
Darwinian Revolution (Charles Darwin)
Freudian Revolution (Sigmund Freud)
This theory has started to revolutionize Psychiatry with Sigmund Freud. This includes the "Freudian Theory of Personality" that involves the human development contributes to his/her personality and also his "psychoanalysis" that is the process for achieving proper functioning if a human does not complete his/her developmental stage.
The method of psychoanalysis is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. His method was unorthodox – focusing on human sexuality and evil nature of man.
Copernican Revolution (Nicolaus Copernicus)
This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model ( earth is the center of the solar system ) and proved the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the solar system having the earth revolving around it.) This idea and model of the universe was essentially completed in 1510.
knowledge prior to the
arrival of its European
colonizers.
Mayan Civilization is one of
the famous civilizations that
lasted for approximately
2,000 years.
Contributions
1. These people are known
for their works in Astronomy.
They incorporated their
advance
understanding of astronomy
into their temples and other
religious structures. This
allows them to
use their temples for
astronomical observation.
For example, the pyramid
in Chichen Itza in
Mexico is situated at the
location of the Sun during
the fall and spring
equinoxes.
2. Mayan knowledge and
understanding about
celestial bodies was
advanced for their time-
observing their religious
rituals and cultural
celebrations.
4. The Mayans also
developed the technolog
Mesoamerica Asia Middle East Africa
Development of Science in Mesoamerica
Mesoamerica includes the entire area of Central America from Southern Mexico up to the border of South America. There is no doubt that the Mesoamerican region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers.
Mayan Civilization is one of the famous civilizations that lasted for approximately 2, 000 years.
These people are known for their works in astronomy. They incorporated their advance understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. This allows them to use their temples for astronomical observation. For example, the pyramid in Chichen Itza in Mexico is it waited at the location of the sun during the fall and spring equinoxes. Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advance for their time - as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipses and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. The Mayans are also known for measuring time using two complicated calendar systems. These calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning their activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural celebrations.
The Mayans also
developed the
technology for growing
different crops and
building
elaborate cities using
ordinary machineries and
tools. They built
hydraulics system with
sophisticated waterways
to supply water to
different communities
The Mayans also
developed the
technology for growing
Contributions
roads paved with stones stone buildings that surmounted earthquakes and other disasters irrigation system and technique for storing water for their crops to grow in all types of land calendar with 12 months to mark their religious festivals and prepare them for planting season the first suspension bridge Quipo, a system of knotted ropes to keep records that only experts can interpret Inca textiles since cloth was one of the specially prized artistic achievements rise
Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society as a whole.
Contributions
- Mandatory Education. The Aztec put value on education; that is why their children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender, or age. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education.
2**. Chocolates**. The Aztec in Mexico developed chocolate during their time. In the Mayan culture, they use it as currency. The Aztec valued the cacao beans highly and made it as part of their tribute to their gods.
- Antispasmodic medication. They used a type of antispasmodic medication that could prevent muscle spasms and relax muscles, which could help during surgery.
4**. Chinampa**. It is a form as Aztec technology for agricultural farming in which the land was divided into rectangular areas and surrounded by canal.
Aztec calendar. This enabled them to plan their activities, rituals, and planting season.
Invention of the canoe. A light narrow boat used for traveling in water system.
Development of Science in Asia
Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilizations. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific, and political activities of all ages. In the field of science, technology, and mathematics, great civilizations have stood out in India, China, and the Middle East civilizations. These civilizations were incomparable in terms of their contributions to the development of knowledge during their time.
India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern borders. The Indians creatively developed various ideas and technologies useful in their everyday lives.
Contributions
They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. Their iron steel is considered to be the best and held with high regard in the whole of Roman Empire.
India is famous in medicine. Ayurveda , a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, is still practiced as a form of alternative medicine.
Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy. They developed theories and the configuration of the universe, the spherical self -supporting Earth and the year of 360 days with 12 equal parts of 30 days each.
Ancient India is also known for their mathematics. The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization. The people of this civilization, tried to standardized measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy and designed a ruler, the Mohenjo-Daro ruler.
Indian astronomer and mathematician Aryabhata, in his Aryabhatiya introduced a number of trigonometric functions, tables and techniques as well as algorithms of algebra.
China is one of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy, and music, among others. Chinese civilizations have greatly influenced many of its neighboring countries like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
Contributions
Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. An example is the practice of acupuncture.
In terms of technology, Chinese are known to develop many tools. Among the famous discoveries and inventions of the Chinese civilization were compass, paper making, gunpowder, and printing tools that became known in the West only by the end of the Middle Ages. They also invented other tools like iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller, among others. They also developed a design of different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, and developed a dry dock facility.
Chinese also made significant records and supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses, and comets, which were carefully recorded and preserved to better understand the heavenly bodies and their effects on our world.
Chinese are also known in seismology. This made them more prepared in times of natural calamities.
diseases. These components displayed strong parallels to the basic empirical method of studying science.
3. Astronomy was also famous in African region. for instance, documents show that Africans used three types of calendars: lunar, solar and stel lar or combination of the three.
4. Metallurgy was also known in the African regions during the ancient times. They invented metal tools used in their homes, in agriculture, and in building their magnificent architectures.
5. Mathematics was also known to be prominent in the life of early people in the African continent. The Lebomo Bone from the mountains between Swaziland and South Africa, which may have been a tool for multiplication, division, and simple mathematical calculation or a six-month lunar calendar, is considered to be the oldest known mathematical artifact dated from 35, 000 BCE.
References:
Serafica, J. et. (2018).
Science, Technology, and
Society. Rex Printing
Company, Inc., First
Edition, 2018.
Serafica, J. et al (2018). Science, Technology and Society. First Edition
Intellectual Revolutions That Defined Society
Course: Science, Technology, and Society (STS-1)
University: DMC-College Foundation
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