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EAPP Q2 Module 5 - Research
Philosophical Foundations in Education (Educ 205)
La Consolacion University Philippines
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EappPreview text
EAPP – Grade 11/
Quarter 2 Module 5: Designs, Tests and Revises Survey Questionnaires
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this book are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Regional Director: Gilbert T. Sadsad Assistant Regional Director: Jessie L. Amin
Development Team of the Module
Writer: HAZEL GRACE T. VARGAS
Editors: GINA B. PANTINO SONIA V. PRENSADER JOSALIE T. TONIO LORAINE T. CHIONG
Reviewers: GINA B. PANTINO and Masbate City Division headed by JEANETTE ROMBLON
Illustrator / Layout Artist: JOHN MICHAEL P. SARTE
I. Introduction
One of the ways to gather data is through a questionnaire. However, as a researcher, you must know the right questions that you will use to get the information you need. Designing a questionnaire is quite challenging but fun. Do not give up if your first attempt needs revision. Remember, practice makes perfect. Keep pushing!
II. Objective:
Designs, tests and revises survey questionnaires
III. Vocabulary List:
Before you begin, here are some words that you will encounterin the module:
⮚ Questionnaire – a written document containing questions and other types ofitems designed to solicit information appropriate to analysis.
⮚ Survey Research - the collection of information from a sample of individuals through their responses to questions or statements
⮚ Respondent – a person who provides data in a survey research.
IV. Pre-Test At this point, you are going to check how much you know so far about designing, revising and testing a questionnaire. Write your answers ona separate sheet of paper or in your notebook. Are you ready?
Directions: Write T if the statement is True and F if it is False.
- A questionnaire is the same as a survey.
- When a staff handed you a piece of paper that asks you to choose a smiley to express how you feel about their service is an example of a survey question.
- A questionnaire should be anchored on the research problem.
- In designing a questionnaire, a researcher can always include all the questions that come into his/her mind.
- Likert-Scale questionnaire items are best used to measure the feeling or opinion.
- It is always good to appeal to the emotions of the respondents in creating questions.
- Arrangement of questions does not matter as long as it willprovide the information needed from the respondents.
- Always use multiple choice type of questions or close-ended questions to be able to gather data easily.
- A questionnaire can be compared to a newly sewn dress that needs to be fitted before finally giving to a customer.
- Testing and revising a questionnaire can be ignored as long as the design of the questionnaire hits the targeted research problem and the required data.
V. Learning Concepts
In the previous lessons, you have learned that there are various kinds of reports depending on the objective of the researcher. In each kind of report, there are instruments used to gather data. One of the ways to gather data through a survey is by using a survey questionnaire.
Have you experienced entering a restaurant or a café and you were asked to answer a series of questions about your experience at that place or their service? There are some places where all you need is to choose the type of smiley that speaks of how you feel after your experience at their place. These are examples of simple survey questionnaires.
A questionnaire is a structured series of questions designed to collect primary data from respondents. A well-designed questionnaire motivates respondents to provide accurate and complete information which is very helpful in attaining thesurvey’s objective. (QuickMBA, n.)
DESIGNING A QUESTIONNAIRE
Here are the suggested steps on how to develop a questionnaire: (Adapted from QuickMBA)
Closed-Ended questions are popular because they provide greater uniformity or responses and are easily processed compared to open-ended questions. However, closed-ended questions the response categories should be exhaustive and mutually exclusive. In other words, all possible options should be provided.
Example: Why do you play sports?
- Enjoyment 2. Health 3. Friends 4. Other-----
4. Questions must be non-threatening and attempt to evoke the truth.
Example:
Who do you think consume more cigarettes: you or your friends?
When a respondent is concerned about the consequences of answering a question in a particular manner, there is a good possibility that the answer will not be truthful.
5. Question Clarity
Avoid ambiguities and vague words (e. usual, regular, normal) Example:
What is your number of serving of eggs in a typical day?
Problem: How many eggs constitute a serving? What does ‘a typical day’ mean?
Better question:
On days you eat eggs, how many eggs do you usually consume?
Do you watch television regularly? *Vague questions are difficult to answer (what is the meaning of "regularly"?)
Better question: How often do you watch Television?"
Note: Questions should mean the same thing to all respondents. All the terms should be understandable or defined, time periods specified, complex questions asked in multiple stages.
6. Don’t use double-barrelled questions
Ask one question at a time. Avoid asking 2 questions, imposing unwarranted assumptions, or hidden contingencies. Whenever you use ‘and’ on a question or a statement, check if it is double-barrelled.
Example:
Do you find the classes you took during your first semester inSHS more demanding and interesting than your JHS classes? Yes No
* How would someone respond if they felt their SHS classes were more demanding but also more boring than their JHS classes? Or less demanding but more interesting? Because the question combines “demanding” and “interesting,” there is no way to respond yes to one criterion but no to the other.
Do you find the classes you took during your first semester inSHS more demanding than your JHS classes?
7. Clearly define the response scale dimension or continuum.
When using a response scale, clearly define the dimension orcontinuum respondents are to use in their rating task
Example:
Response categories - Make them logical and meaningful: NOT: Many......Some...... Few..... Few....
DO a Bipolar or Unipolar rating scale: Bipolar measures bothdirection and intensity of an attitude: Unipolar scale measures one concept with varying degrees of intensity.
- Minimize presuppositions – an assumption about the world whose truth is taken for granted.
Answering a question implies accepting its presuppositions, a respondent may be led to provide an answer even if its presuppositions are false.
Example:
Are you a DDS or a Dilawan? Problem: presupposes that one of the alternatives is true.
What are your usual hours of work?” Problem: Does respondent have usual hours of work?
Better Question:
What are your usual hours of work, or do you not have usual hours?
Remember: Each question should have a specific purpose or should not beincluded in the questionnaire.
b. Multiple Choice Best Used for: ● When there are finite number of options
Example:
c. Rating Scales Best Used for: ● Rate things in relation to other things Example:
How likely would you recommend the current strand you are enrolled in to your friend?
d. Ranking Questions Best Used for: ● Ordering answer choices by way of preference. This allows you to not only understand how respondents feel about each answer option, but it also helps you understand each one’s relative popularity.
Example:
Rank the following subjects in order of preference – 1 being your favorite and 5 being your least favorite.
English Social Sciences Math Music, Arts, PE and Health Science TLE Filipino Edukasyon sa Pagpapakatao
So you now have your questions and you know which questions touse, let’s arrange your questions! Are you ready?
Which of the following best describes your current civil status?
Single Married
Widowed
Divorced
ORDERING THE QUESTIONS
(Adapted from Contemporary Communication Research by Smith, M., 1988)
1. Adapt a general organizational pattern that complementsa survey’s research objectives.
Two general patterns: o Funnel pattern – begins with broad questions followed by progressively narrower or more specific ones o Inverted pattern – narrowly focused questions are followedby more general ones.
2. Topically related questions should be grouped together. A researcher should group together questions pertinent to asingle topic then move to another topic. It is easier for the answer questions this way.
3. Easy-to-answer questions should be placed first. Easy questions serve as motivation.
4. Questions should be ordered to avoid establishing a response bias. *Response Bias – a tendency of a respondent to answer all closed-questions the same way regardless of content.
Example: A respondent check “Somewhat agree” to all criteria.
Now that you have arranged your questions, the next thing to do is to make sure it works. Remember, nobody’s perfect so don’t feel sad if you think your questionnaire is no good. You can always revise it. Keep pushing!
TESTING AND REVISING THE QUESTIONNAIRE
Have you experienced asking a dressmaker or a tailor sew your school uniform? What does a tailor or dressmaker usually do before finally giving you your sewn uniform? He or she would let you fit it first, right? Why do you think so?
That is the same as the questionnaire. You are the tailor and the questionnaire is the school uniform. You need to check if the questionnaire fits the respondents and your target information. No matter how carefully you design a questionnaire, there is always the POSSIBILITY of error. You are always certain to make some mistake. The surest protection against such error is to PRE-TEST the questionnaire in full or in part. (Baxter, L. & Babbie, E., 2003)
That is the last part of designing your questionnaire beforefinally administering and distributing it to your respondents. There are no fixed steps on how to test your questionnaire but here are some general guidelines that might be helpful. Keep in mind that you are aiming for the questionnaire to be as effective as it can be.
VI. Practice Task 1
Directions: Here is an example of a Survey Questionnaire. Analyze the content and answer the questions that follow.(Taken from Practical Research 2 for Senior High School: Quantitative)
Title: Students Satisfaction on Student Services in a Private Secondary School
Dear Student,
Thank you for being a respondent for this survey. Please helpus improve our services by completing this survey.
- What is your overall satisfaction rating with our school services?
Very Satisfied Somewhat Satisfied Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied Somewhat dissatisfied Very dissatisfied
Please explain your answer
Please rate your level of satisfaction in the quality of student services provided by your school.
5 – Very satisfied 4 – Somewhat satisfied
3 – Neither satisfied nor dissatisfied
2 – Somewhat dissatisfied
1 – Very dissatisfied
5 4 3 2 1 Registrar’s Office Canteen Student Information System (SIS) Comfort Room Classroom Ventilation Cashier’s Office College/Department Staff
- Please rate the following personal goals of going to Senior High School (SHS) in order of importance from 1 to 6 with 1 indicating most important goal, 2 second most important goal and so on. _______________ To pursue college education _______________ To be employed after graduation _______________ To enhance my self-esteem _______________ To become a useful citizen _______________To be socially and intellectually mature
Questions: (Write your answers in a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.)
What is the purpose of the survey questionnaire above?
What type of questions were used in the questionnaire?
In question no 4, is the given options enough? Why or why not?
If you were to use a questionnaire with the same given survey topic, would you consider using this questionnaire? Why or why not?
VII. Practice Task 2
Directions: Here are some survey questions from a questionnaire. Examine them closely and identify whether they are acceptable or not. Write A for acceptable. For any non-acceptable question, revise the question to make itacceptable your answers on a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.
Example: (for non-acceptable) Question: Was the school facility not unclean? Revision: How would you rate the cleanliness of the school facility?
- How awesome is the service provided?
- Where do you enjoy drinking milk tea?
- How would you rate the preparedness and rescue mission?
- What device do you usually use to check your email? A. Computer | B. Mobile Phone | C. Tablet | D. iPad
- How was our service today? Okay | Good | Fantastic | Unforgettable | Mind-blowing
A Strongly Agree
B
Somewhat Agree
C
Somewhat Disagree
D
Strongly Agree Students treat one another with respect.
What Senior High School Track are you currently enrolled in? a. Academic b. TVL c. Arts and Design d. Sports
Which of the following options best describes your employment status? o Employed (Full-time) o Employed (Part-time) o Homemaker o Retired o Not currently employed
Who did you purchase the product for?
- Self
- Family member
- Friend
- Colleague
- Others, please specify ______________________
Does Research contribute to your stress/anxiety level?
1 2 3 4
Not at all Absolutely
IX. Post-Test
Directions: Read each question carefully and choose the correct answer your answers in a separate sheet of paper or in your notebook.
A questionnaire is defined by the following except: a. to gather data from respondents b. translates the research problem into questions that willanswered by respondents c. wording, appearance and flow of questions fosters cooperation and motivate the respondents to answer d. a tool designed to control data for a survey
A well-designed questionnaire needs to be as short as possible. a. True b. False
What is the first step in designing a survey questionnaire? a. Pre-testing b. Identifying the respondents c. Identifying the research problem d. Identifying the type of questions to be used
Which of the following is considered a good questionnaireitem? a. How long does it take you to walk and run around the court? b. If you were the President, what will you do to combat the COVID Pandemic? c. How much did you enjoy the reading the new novel? d. Rate your experience in the service provided.
Study the questionnaire item below and choose the correctstatement that describes the question.
a. The question assumes that the respondent gets stressed atwork. b. It is a double-barreled question since work and the park are two separate places. c. It is an open-ended question and will be hard to quantify. d. There is nothing wrong with the question.
- If you want to know how the students feel about the new rulesand regulations set by your organization, what type of questions will you most likely use? a. Likert-Scale b. Multiple Choice c. Ranking d. Open-ended
7. “How much is your ‘baon’ every day?” If you were to revise this question, how should it be?
a. Do your parents give you ‘baon’? Yes No
Do you go to the park when you are stressed from work?
b. I will provide options so that the respondent will not feelembarrassed Example: Our parents does not give us money as ‘baon’. Php 1 – 49. Php 50 – 99. Php 100 - above c. I will not include this question in my questionnaire because it is not necessary. d. There is no need to revise this question because it will give the information I need.
Participants in a pre-test should be: a. Representative of the target population under study b. Friends and relatives c. Other survey researchers d. Individuals from outside the population under study
In testing your questionnaire, why is it necessary to observe where the respondents changed their mind in answering? a. It will show what items needs revision. b. It will reveal some items that might be confusing so they hesitated or change their minds. c. It will help the researcher understand why the items mightbe confusing. d. All of the above
Now that you have all the questions ready, reviewed, and sequenced, which of the following do you still need to consider? a. the type of paper where it will be printed b. writing an introduction and instructions c. the format of the question items d. all of the above
Assignment/Additional Activities
Find a questionnaire in a magazine or newspaper or from the internet. Critique at least five of the questions for their strengths and weaknesses.
5 The question is clear and precise, collectively allowing for detailed, unambiguous and meaningful answers. The question is interpreted in the same way by respondents. 4 The question sometimes is clear and precise, collectively allowing for meaningful answers. Questions are interpreted in the same way by respondents. 3 The question somewhat clear and precise but contains minor grammatical error and some characteristics of question wording is not present. The question is interpreted in the same way by respondents. 2 The question is quite difficult to understand, biased and/or leading words are present, contains minor grammatical error. Question is interpreted in different way by respondents 1 The question is difficult to understand not precise and ambiguous. It contains major grammatical error. Question is interpreted in different way by respondents
Post-Test:
- D
- A
- C
- D
- A
- A
- B
- A
- D
- D
Assignment:
Rubrics for Rating the Critique
5 4 3 2 1
Content
All the weaknesses and strengths were discussed comprehensively.
Most of the weaknesses and strengths were discussed comprehensively.
Some the weaknesses and strengths were discussed.
A little of the weaknesses and strengths were discussed.
Most of the weakness and strengths were not discussed properly.
Organization The thoughts discussed are logical and appropriate.
The flow of discussion is slightly organized and appropriate.
The transition of the thoughts in the discussion was not smooth.
Not logical nor effective; major revisions need to be made
Not clear, making paper difficult to follow
Grammar and Wording
Does not contain any grammatical error.
Few, if any, minor errors that do not impede comprehension.
Some minor errors which occasionally impede comprehension
Some major errors which often impede comprehension
Major errors greatly impede comprehension
References:
Baxter, L and Babbie, E. (2003).The Basics of CommunicationResearch. Boston, MA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning
Bullen, P. (n.). How To Pretest And Pilot A Survey Questionnaire. tools4dev/resources/how-to-pretest-and-pilot-a-survey-questionnaire/
Filiberto, D. (2013). Survey Question and Questionnaire Design Slideshare 022113 Dmf. slideshare/DavidFiliberto/survey-question-and-questionnaire-design- slideshare-022113-dmf
N., (n.). Questionnaire Design:quickmba/marketing/research/qdesign/
N., (n.). Types of Survey Questions:surveymonkey/mp/survey- question-types/#open-ended
Ng, JK. (2006). Designing A Questionnaire. ncbi.nlm.nih/pmc/articles/PMC4797036/
Price, P., et al. (2013). Research Methods in Psychology. Canada: Creative Commons. opentextbc/researchmethods/chapter/overview-of-survey-research/
Prieto, N., et al. (2017). Practical Research 2 for Senior High School. Quezon City: LORIMAR Publishing, Inc.,
Smith, M. (1988). Contemporary Communication Research Methods. California: Wadsworth Publishing Company
EAPP Q2 Module 5 - Research
Course: Philosophical Foundations in Education (Educ 205)
University: La Consolacion University Philippines
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