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Reviewer FOR PR1 UT 2ND Quarter
science education (0035)
St.Marys College of Meycauayan
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REVIEWER FOR PR 1 2 nd QUARTER UNIT TEST
SAMPLING PROCEDURES
Qualitative Research Designs
Always remember that the research design serves as the blueprint of your research study. This is an extensive formation on the proper flow and order on how the research study will move forward in gathering data and making proposed solutions to the given problem.
The common denominator of the qualitative research designs is that, the researchers conducts interviews, observations, documentary analysis and administers questionnaires. The questions in the questionnaire are in open-ended format that will be subjected to different interpretations of the chosen respondents.
Sampling Procedure
Sampling Procedure - this is one of the ways of choosing our respondents in our research. They answer questions to support our tentative claims and assumptions to the research problem.
Probability Sampling
Probability Sampling - this sampling gives a certain population the equal opportunity for every member that is included in the sampling frame in the selection process.
Simple Random Sampling - This is the best type of probability sampling because this is a pure-chance selection in which, every member of the given population has the same opportunity.
- Example: The researcher provides an equal, objective, fair probability even if it uses roulette method.
Systematic Sampling - In this sampling, system and chance are the key factors that will determine who should be included in the sample.
- Example: If the selected starting point was 30, the 80th person on the list would be chosen followed by the 130th, and so on. Once the end of the list was reached and if additional participants are required, the count loops to the beginning of the list to finish the count.
Stratified Sampling - In this sampling, the respondents are chosen through group-by- group analysis.
- Example: We divide the number of participants according to the number of those who are belonging in the respective category. Afterwards, it will show the efficiency and proper distribution of the given data.
Cluster Sampling - In this sampling, the respondents are isolated instead of selecting individuals. - Example: We divide the entire population into different clusters (cities) in a regional cluster, and then the researcher selects a number of clusters through simple or systematic random sampling, depending on his study. Then, the researcher can either include all high school students as subjects from the selected clusters (randomly selected cities) or, by simple or systematic random sampling, the researcher can pick a number of subjects from each cluster.
Non - Probability Sampling
Non – Probability Sampling - the subjects or respondents are chosen based on the following reasons; - Sole decision of the respondent; - The willingness of the researcher; - The respondent’s availability; - The very purpose of the research study.
Quota Sampling - as a researcher, you choose your respondents based on your speculation that your sample members possess a unique characteristic of the target population.
- Example: You will determine specific conditions for each set and then once they are equally distributed in each set. In that way, it will be enough and appropriate at the same time.
Voluntary Sampling - as a researcher, there is no need for you to initiate a selection process in choosing your respondents, since the subjects are willing to be a part of the research study.
- Example: As the host of a Ted Talk presentation. You ask your audience to be participate in an online poll.
Purposive Sampling - as a researcher, you choose your respondents based on their interest in your research study and their experience as well.
- Example: You will include every student who are good in practicing the English language.
Availability Sampling – as a researcher, the willingness or natural inclination of your subject is the major factor in choosing your respondents.
- Example: If you are a promoter of a company, you will distribute their advertising leaflets and ask questions at a park or on a crowded street with randomly selected participants.
Snowball Sampling – as a researcher, we can gather data through unspecified group of people in order to get your goal in your respondents and by extension to the research study. This is done through recommendations
- Example: If you wanted to collect data from those people who had Leukemia as your respondents, you must have a direct contact in that particular group so that there will be a chain referral and eventually you will reach a quota.
OBSERVATIONS and INTERVIEWS
OBSERVATION
Observation - It is a technique of accumulating data wherein you record every aspect of your chosen subject. Observation is subjective in nature, that is why some people often perceive observation as an inferior technique. In the context of research, observation is frequently used as this is also labelled as the central method of qualitative research. It gives credibility in every aspect of your chosen research study.
- It gives you the advantage to have a fresh perspective and knowledge of the research study.
- The disadvantage of observation is that it is prone to subjectivity and biases therefore, the researcher can be
bombarded by inappropriate statements and criticisms from other people.
Participant Observation - As a researcher, you are not only observing but also you involve yourself with the natural setting of your research.
Descriptive Observation – the researcher describes the places, people, events, conversation and other things that are involved within your research study. It can be done in a brief or concise way.
Narrative Account – as a researcher you write your reflections and interpretations throughout your observation of your research study.
Structured Observation - the researcher is only watching and listening to the respondents. As a researcher, you make use of checklist to navigate the progress of your chosen subjects for your research study.
Direct Observation - As a researcher, you are given the opportunity to know everything that you wanted to know for your research study, this time you should only ask specific questions based on your research problem.
Indirect Observation – As a researcher, you observe the quality, trait and behavior of the chosen subject based on the given traces of past events or obsolete information using videotape recordings, business correspondence.
Continuous Monitoring – This kind of observation evaluates the way people interact or deal with one another in terms of people’s worries, doubts, habits and problems.
Spot Sampling - This kind of observation was done/recorded in an oral manner by behavioral psychologists in the 1920’s focusing on children’s nervous habits through their regular personality development.
INTERVIEWS
Interview – the researchers aim to determine and discover what are the respondent’s thoughts, feelings about the topic for your research study. In the context of research, interviews can be done in face-to- face setup or virtual setup.
Reviewer FOR PR1 UT 2ND Quarter
Course: science education (0035)
University: St.Marys College of Meycauayan
