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Biology
Medical Laboratory Science (BSMLS1)
University of Luzon
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History of cell
Robert Hooke (1665)
British scientist Examined a piece of cork and found little structure which he compared to cellulae. He named them “cells”. Contribute to the first postulate of cell theory.
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek (1600)
Dutch scientist Found moving protist and sperm, which he termed “animalcules”. First to use microscope Contribute to the first postulate of cell theory. Upgraded Janssen’s microscope and produced his lens.
Matthias Jacob Schleiden (1838)
German botanist Established that the small compartments in his plant specimens are cells. Contribute to the second postulate of cell theory.
Theodore Schwann (1839)
German zoologist Instituted that all animals are also composed of cells. Contribute to the second postulate of cell theory.
Rudolf Virchow
German scientist Introduced the 3rd tenet of the cell theory. Omnis cellula e cellula – “Cells come from pre-existing cell”.
Zacharias Janssen (1590)
Invented a primitive microscope with the help of his father Hans.
Marcello Malpighi & Nehemiah Grew (1665-1676)
Conducted separated investigations on plant cell. They determined the presence of organelles within its cells. Marcello – founder of microscopic anatomy.
Robert Brown (1831) Made of series of discoveries about cell organelles and ultimately discovered the nucleus. Albrecht Von Roelliker (1840)
Stated that sperm and egg are composed of cells and that all humans are configured from cells.
Louis Pasteur (1849) Developing fermentation, a process to kill bacteria, he proved that bacteria are able to multiply and that bacteria cells come from other bacterial cells.
History of Biology Aristotle
First who classified living things as to air, land, or water dwellers Father of Biology
Galen Greek physician First to dissect apes and pigs Father of Anatomy Andreas Vesalius
Made the first dissection on human anatomy. Discovered comparative anatomy.
William Harvey
Showed conclusively that the heart pumps blood and the blood circulates.
3 MAJOR PARTS OF THE CELL
Plasma Membrane
- Outer covering that separates the cell’s interior from its surrounding environment.
Cytoplasm
- Consisting of a jelly-like cytosol within the cell in which other cellular components are found.
- It is composed primarily of water, proteins and salts.
Nucleus
- Serves as the brain of the cell and directs all of the cell’s activity.
- Control center
- Holds chromosomes which carry tightly wrapped and coined DNA.
Nucleolus
- Servers as the site of ribosomes synthesis.
Cell Organelle Endomembrane system
- Group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins.
Endoplasmic reticulum
- is a series of interconnected membranous sacs and tubules that collectively modifies proteins and synthesized lipids.
Rough ER
It has ribosomes on its surface.
It makes membrane proteins and proteins for export out of cell.
Smooth ER
- It incorporates proteins into cisternae and transports synthesized proteins across the cytoplasm, thereby allowing the synthesis of fatty acids and phospholipids.
Ribosomes
- Involved in providing a frame for proteins synthesis; hence they are site of protein production.
Vacuoles
- Fluid –filled vesicles enclosed by a membrane.
- It has a selectively membrane freely allowing water passage but retaining smaller molecules within it and stores chemicals within the cell.
- Has an ability to break down large molecules.
Lysosomes
- It is dubbed as the cell’s “suicide bags”
- The lysosomes serve as digestion slots for cellular materials that are due for expiration or are no longer useful.
- Capable for self-destruction
- Digest the food & get rid of wastes.
Peroxisome
It is a small, round organelles enclosed by single membrane, somehow resembles that of a lysosomes.
It is responsible for self-damage and mostly disintegrate proteins.
Accommodate the breakdown of fatty acids and detoxify many poisons that enter the body. Golgi Apparatus
Each sister chromatid is attached to a spindle fiber.
ANAPHASE
- Sister chromatids starts to break down.
- It will start to form cleavage furrow.
- Homologous chromosome will split up and it will move towards opposite poles.
TELOPHASE
- Homologous chromosome will start to form again a nuclear membrane.
- Nucleolus will start to appear.
- Centrioles will duplicate itself.
MEIOSIS (BLURRED PICTURE) (GAMETES CELL)
PROPHASE I
Centrioles will split up; it will move towards the opposite pole and will form spindle fibers.
Homologous chromosome METAPHASE I
The homologous chromosome will start to align at the center of the cell which we called equatorial plate.
Centrioles are totally at the opposite poles.
Spindle fiber are attached to the kinetochore.
Cross-over happens ( exchange of genetic material)
ANAPHASE I
- Centrioles will be pulled/separated by spindle fibers.
- It will start to form a cleavage furrow
TELOPHASE I & PROPHASE II
- There will be no reappearance of the nuclear membrane.
- The centrioles will start to duplicate itself.
- It will start to form spindle fiber again.
- Homologous chromosomes will stay.
METAPHASE II
It will align again to the center of the cell.
There will be an attachment of the spindle fibers. ANAPHASE II
Centrioles will be separated and be pulled again by the spindle fibers
Sister chromatid will be chromatin or chromatid?
TELOPHASE II
Unicellular Can be unicellular and multicellular No membrane- bound organelles
No nucleus
Complex cell type with membrane- bound organelles
Has nucleus
For biomolecules
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Biology
Course: Medical Laboratory Science (BSMLS1)
University: University of Luzon
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