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ASTM C136/C136M - Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
Concrete technology (CE-102)
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Designation: C 136 – 01
Standard Test Method for
Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 136; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1 This test method covers the determination of the particle
size distribution of fine and coarse aggregates by sieving.
1 Some specifications for aggregates which reference this
method contain grading requirements including both coarse
and fine fractions. Instructions are included for sieve analysis
of such aggregates.
1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa-
tion purposes only. Specification E 11 designates the size of
sieve frames with inch units as standard, but in this test method
the frame size is designated in SI units exactly equivalent to the
inch units.
1 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2 ASTM Standards:
C 117 Test Method for Materials Finer Than 75-μm (No.
200) Sieve in Mineral Aggregates by Washing 2
C 125 Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Ag-
gregates 2
C 670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
for Test Methods for Construction Materials 2
C 702 Practice for Reducing Field Samples of Aggregate to
Testing Size 2
D 75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates 3
E 11 Specification for Wire-Cloth and Sieves for Testing
Purposes 4
2 AASHTO Standard:
AASHTO No. T 27 Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
Aggregates 5
3. Terminology
3 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this stan-
dard, refer to Terminology C 125.
4. Summary of Test Method
4 A sample of dry aggregate of known mass is separated
through a series of sieves of progressively smaller openings for
determination of particle size distribution.
5. Significance and Use
5 This test method is used primarily to determine the
grading of materials proposed for use as aggregates or being
used as aggregates. The results are used to determine compli-
ance of the particle size distribution with applicable specifica-
tion requirements and to provide necessary data for control of
the production of various aggregate products and mixtures
containing aggregates. The data may also be useful in devel-
oping relationships concerning porosity and packing.
5 Accurate determination of material finer than the 75-μm
(No. 200) sieve cannot be achieved by use of this method
alone. Test Method C 117 for material finer than 75-μm sieve
by washing should be employed.
6. Apparatus
6 Balances—Balances or scales used in testing fine and
coarse aggregate shall have readability and accuracy as fol-
lows:
6.1 For fine aggregate, readable to 0 g and accurate to
0 g or 0 % of the test load, whichever is greater, at any
point within the range of use.
6.1 For coarse aggregate, or mixtures of fine and coarse
aggregate, readable and accurate to 0 g or 0 % of the test
load, whichever is greater, at any point within the range of use.
6 Sieves—The sieve cloth shall be mounted on substantial
frames constructed in a manner that will prevent loss of
material during sieving. The sieve cloth and standard sieve
1 This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on
Concrete and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09 on Normal Weight Aggregates. Current edition approved June 10, 2001. Published August 2001. Originally published as C 136 – 38 T. Last previous edition C 136 – 96a. 2 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04. 3 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04. 4 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.
5 Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, 444 North Capitol St. N., Suite 225, Washington, DC 20001.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
frames shall conform to the requirements of Specification E 11.
Nonstandard sieve frames shall conform to the requirements of
Specification E 11 as applicable.
NOTE1—It is recommended that sieves mounted in frames larger than
standard 203-mm (8 in.) diameter be used for testing coarse aggregate to
reduce the possibility of overloading the sieves. See 8.
6 Mechanical Sieve Shaker—A mechanical sieving de-
vice, if used, shall create motion of the sieves to cause the
particles to bounce, tumble, or otherwise turn so as to present
different orientations to the sieving surface. The sieving action
shall be such that the criterion for adequacy of sieving
described in 8 is met in a reasonable time period.
NOTE2—Use of a mechanical sieve shaker is recommended when the
size of the sample is 20 kg or greater, and may be used for smaller
samples, including fine aggregate. Excessive time (more than approxi-
mately 10 min) to achieve adequate sieving may result in degradation of
the sample. The same mechanical sieve shaker may not be practical for all
sizes of samples, since the large sieving area needed for practical sieving
of a large nominal size coarse aggregate very likely could result in loss of
a portion of the sample if used for a small sample of coarse aggregate or
fine aggregate.
6 Oven—An oven of appropriate size capable of main-
taining a uniform temperature of 110 6 5°C (230 6 9°F).
7. Sampling
7 Sample the aggregate in accordance with Practice D 75.
The size of the field sample shall be the quantity shown in
Practice D 75 or four times the quantity required in 7 and 7.
(except as modified in 7), whichever is greater.
7 Thoroughly mix the sample and reduce it to an amount
suitable for testing using the applicable procedures described in
Practice C 702. The sample for test shall be approximately the
quantity desired when dry and shall be the end result of the
reduction. Reduction to an exact predetermined quantity shall
not be permitted.
NOTE3—Where sieve analysis, including determination of material
finer than the 75-μm sieve, is the only testing proposed, the size of the
sample may be reduced in the field to avoid shipping excessive quantities
of extra material to the laboratory.
7 Fine Aggregate—The size of the test sample, after
drying, shall be 300 g minimum.
7 Coarse Aggregate—The size of the test sample of
coarse aggregate shall conform with the following:
Nominal Maximum Size, Square Openings, mm (in.)
Test Sample Size, min, kg (lb) 9 ( 3 ⁄ 8 ) 1 (2) 12 ( 1 ⁄ 2 ) 2 (4) 19 ( 3 ⁄ 4 ) 5 (11) 25 (1) 10 (22) 37 (1 1 ⁄ 2 ) 15 (33) 50 (2) 20 (44) 63 (2 1 ⁄ 2 ) 35 (77) 75 (3) 60 (130) 90 (3 1 ⁄ 2 ) 100 (220) 100 (4) 150 (330) 125 (5) 300 (660)
7 Coarse and Fine Aggregate Mixtures—The size of the
test sample of coarse and fine aggregate mixtures shall be the
same as for coarse aggregate in 7.
7 Samples of Large Size Coarse Aggregate—The size of
sample required for aggregate with 50-mm nominal maximum
size or larger is such as to preclude convenient sample
reduction and testing as a unit except with large mechanical
splitters and sieve shakers. As an option when such equipment
is not available, instead of combining and mixing sample
increments and then reducing the field sample to testing size,
conduct the sieve analysis on a number of approximately equal
sample increments such that the total mass tested conforms to
the requirement of 7.
7 In the event that the amount of material finer than the
75-μm (No. 200) sieve is to be determined by Test Method
C 117, proceed as follows:
7.7 For aggregates with a nominal maximum size of 12.
mm (1/2 in.) or less, use the same test sample for testing by
Test Method C 117 and this method. First test the sample in
accordance with Test Method C 117 through the final drying
operation, then dry sieve the sample as stipulated in 8.2-8 of
this method.
7.7 For aggregates with a nominal maximum size greater
than 12 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 in.), a single test sample may be used as
described in 7.7, or separate test samples may be used for
Test Method C 117 and this method.
7.7 Where the specifications require determination of the
total amount of material finer than the 75-μm sieve by washing
and dry sieving, use the procedure described in 7.7.
8. Procedure
8 Dry the sample to constant mass at a temperature of 110
6 5°C (230 6 9°F).
NOTE4—For control purposes, particularly where rapid results are
desired, it is generally not necessary to dry coarse aggregate for the sieve
analysis test. The results are little affected by the moisture content unless:
( 1 ) the nominal maximum size is smaller than about 12 mm ( 1 ⁄ 2 in.); ( 2 )
the coarse aggregate contains appreciable material finer than 4 mm
(No. 4); or ( 3 ) the coarse aggregate is highly absorptive (a lightweight
aggregate, for example). Also, samples may be dried at the higher
temperatures associated with the use of hot plates without affecting
results, provided steam escapes without generating pressures sufficient to
fracture the particles, and temperatures are not so great as to cause
chemical breakdown of the aggregate.
8 Select sieves with suitable openings to furnish the
information required by the specifications covering the mate-
rial to be tested. Use additional sieves as desired or necessary
to provide other information, such as fineness modulus, or to
regulate the amount of material on a sieve. Nest the sieves in
order of decreasing size of opening from top to bottom and
place the sample on the top sieve. Agitate the sieves by hand or
by mechanical apparatus for a sufficient period, established by
trial or checked by measurement on the actual test sample, to
meet the criterion for adequacy or sieving described in 8.
8 Limit the quantity of material on a given sieve so that all
particles have opportunity to reach sieve openings a number of
times during the sieving operation. For sieves with openings
smaller than 4-mm (No. 4), the quantity retained on any
sieve at the completion of the sieving operation shall not
exceed 7 kg/m 2 of sieving surface area (Note 5). For sieves
with openings 4 mm (No. 4) and larger, the quantity
retained in kg shall not exceed the product of 2 3 (sieve
opening, mm 3 (effective sieving area, m
2
)). This quantity is
shown in Table 1 for five sieve-frame dimensions in common
10. Report
10 Depending upon the form of the specifications for use
of the material under test, the report shall include the follow-
ing:
10.1 Total percentage of material passing each sieve, or
10.1 Total percentage of material retained on each sieve,
or
10.1 Percentage of material retained between consecutive
sieves.
10 Report percentages to the nearest whole number, ex-
cept if the percentage passing the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve is less
than 10 %, it shall be reported to the nearest 0 %.
10 Report the fineness modulus, when required, to the
nearest 0.
11. Precision and Bias
11—The estimates of precision for this test
method are listed in Table 2. The estimates are based on the
results from the AASHTO Materials Reference Laboratory
Proficiency Sample Program, with testing conducted by Test
Method C 136 and AASHTO Test Method T 27. The data are
based on the analyses of the test results from 65 to 233
laboratories that tested 18 pairs of coarse aggregate proficiency
test samples and test results from 74 to 222 laboratories that
tested 17 pairs of fine aggregate proficiency test samples
(Samples No. 21 through 90). The values in the table are given
for different ranges of total percentage of aggregate passing a
sieve.
11.1 The precision values for fine aggregate in Table 2 are
based on nominal 500-g test samples. Revision of this test
method in 1994 permits the fine aggregate test sample size to
be 300 g minimum. Analysis of results of testing of 300-g and
500-g test samples from Aggregate Proficiency Test Samples
99 and 100 (Samples 99 and 100 were essentially identical)
produced the precision values in Table 3, which indicate only
minor differences due to test sample size.
NOTE6—The values for fine aggregate in Table 2 will be revised to
reflect the 300-g test sample size when a sufficient number of Aggregate
Proficiency Tests have been conducted using that sample size to provide
reliable data.
11 Bias—Since there is no accepted reference material
suitable for determining the bias in this test method, no
statement on bias is made.
12. Keywords
12 aggregate; coarse aggregate; fine aggregate; gradation;
grading; sieve analysis; size analysis
TABLE 2 Precision
Total Percentage of Material Passing
Standard Deviation (1s), %A
Acceptable Range of Two Results (d2s), %A Coarse Aggregate:B Single-operator <100 $ 95 0 0. precision <95 $ 85 0 2. <85 $ 80 1 3. <80 $ 60 2 6. <60 $ 20 1 3. <20 $ 15 0 2. <15 $ 10 1 2. <10 $ 5 0 2. <5 $ 2 0 1. <2 >0 0 0. Multilaboratory <100 $ 95 0 1. precision <95 $ 85 1 3. <85 $ 80 1 5. <80 $ 60 2 8. <60 $ 20 1 5. <20 $ 15 1 4. <15 $ 10 1 4. <10 $ 5 1 3. <5 $ 2 1 3. <2 >0 0 1. Fine Aggregate: Single-operator <100 $ 95 0 0. precision <95 $ 60 0 1. <60 $ 20 0 2. <20 $ 15 0 1. <15 $ 10 0 1. <10 $ 2 0 1. <2 >0 0 0. Multilaboratory <100 $ 95 0 0. precision <95 $ 60 0 2. <60 $ 20 1 4. <20 $ 15 1 3. <15 $ 10 0 2. <10 $ 2 0 1. <2 >0 0 0. AThese numbers represent, respectively, the (1s) and (d2s) limits described in Practice C 670. BThe precision estimates are based on aggregates with nominal maximum size of 19 mm ( 3 ⁄ 4 in.).
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
This section identifies the location of changes to this test method that have been incorporatedsince the last
issue.
(1) Paragraph 8 was revised.
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This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the above address or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or service@astm (e-mail); or through the ASTM website (astm).
TABLE 3 Precision Data for 300-g and 500-g Test Samples
Fine Aggregate Proficiency Sample Within Laboratory Between Laboratory Test Result Sample Size Number Labs Average 1s d2s 1s d2s ASTM C136/AASHTO T Total material passing the No. 4 sieve (%) 500 g 285 99 0 0 0 0. 300 g 276 99 0 0 0 0.
Total material passing the No. 8 sieve (%) 500 g 281 84 0 1 0 1. 300 g 274 84 0 1 0 1.
Total material passing the No. 16 sieve (%) 500 g 286 70 0 1 0 2. 300 g 272 70 0 1 0 2.
Total material passing the No. 30 sieve (%) 500 g 287 48 0 2 1 3. 300 g 276 48 0 2 1 3.
Total material passing the No. 50 sieve (%) 500 g 286 13 0 1 0 2. 300 g 275 13 0 1 0 2.
Total material passing the No. 100 sieve (%) 500 g 287 2 0 0 0 1. 300 g 270 2 0 0 0 0.
Total Material passing the No. 200 sieve (%) 500 g 278 1 0 0 0 0. 300 g 266 1 0 0 0 0.
ASTM C136/C136M - Sieve Analysis of Aggregates
Course: Concrete technology (CE-102)
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