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Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering (049134 )

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University of Technology Sydney

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2020 Higher School Certificate

Trial Examination

Earth and Environmental Science

General Instructions - Reading time – 5 minutes - Working time – 3 hours - Write using black pen - Draw diagrams using pencil - NESA-approved calculators may be used - A geological timescale is provided

Total marks: 100 Section I – 20 marks - Attempt Questions 1- - Allow about 30 minutes for this section

Section II – 80 marks

Attempt Questions 21-
Allow about 2 hours and 30 minutes for this section

correct

Section I – 20 marks Attempt Questions 1- Allow about 30 minutes for this section

Use the multiple-choice answer sheet provided for Questions 1-

Select the alternative A, B, C or D that best answers the question. Fill in the response oval completely. Sample 2 + 4 = (A) 2 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 9

A B C D

If you think you have made a mistake, put a cross through the incorrect answer and fill in the new answer.

A B C D

If you have changed your mind and have crossed out what you consider to be the correct answer, then indicate this by writing the word correct and drawing an arrow as follows:

A B C D

1 The image below shows an ancient fossilised stromatolite.

Why are stromatolite fossils thought to be evidence of photosynthetic life?

A. Photosynthesis in ancient fossilised stromatolites enables us to infer that modern, living stromatolites must also use photosynthesis.

B. Photosynthesis in ancient fossilised stromatolites enables us to infer that ancient fossilised stromatolites must also have used photosynthesis.

C. Photosynthesis enables us to assume that stromatolites were easily fossilised.

D. Fossilisation enables us to assume that stromatolites must use photosynthesis.

4 Which of the following correctly describes the appearance of a mass extinction in the fossil record?

A. Fossils of some species disappear in the layers older than the mass extinction event.

B. Fossils of many species reappear in the layers younger than the mass extinction event.

C. Fossils of some species reappear and disappear in the layers below the mass extinction event.

D. Fossils of many species disappear in the layers above the mass extinction event.

5 Which of the following was the main structural advantage that Cambrian fauna had over the Ediacaran fauna?

A. Hardened body parts

B. Protection from UV

C. Waterproof skin

D. Simpler body plans

6 The image below shows the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991.

Which of the following contains only hazards which are associated with inland volcanoes like Mount Pinatubo?

A. Lahars, lava flows, pyroclastic flows

B. Pyroclastic flows, ash eruptions, tsunamis

C. Ash eruptions, lahars, poisonous gas emissions

D. Poisonous gas emissions, lava flows, tsunamis

7 Which row in the table correctly matches the explosivity of a volcano with its lava chemical composition and boundary type?

10 The graph below compares the accuracy of several weather broadcasting services.

Which of the following statements could be deduced from the data in this graph?

A. When the observed frequency of rainfall is low, local TV meteorologists are the most accurate.

B. The National Weather Service is the least accurate predictor of rainfall.

C. Weather forecasters tend to predict a higher probability of rain than is observed.

D. National Weather Service have the most accurate predictions of rainfall.

11 The diagram shows how dendrochronology, or the study of tree rings, can help us to determine information about past climates.

If analysis of a tree showed a series of wide tree rings several years in a row, what information could be deduced about the climate at the time of growth?

A. There were several wet years in a row.

B. There were several dry years in a row.

C. The tree was affected by fire.

D. The growth must have occurred in summer.

14 Which of the following actions taken by a person in their daily life would NOT reduce their greenhouse gas emissions?

A. Using public transport instead of a car

B. Setting the air conditioner to a lower temperature in summer

C. Turning off appliances on stand-by

D. Using blinds or curtains at home

15 Which of the following alternative energy strategies would be most practical for use in a small town in inland NSW?

A. Nuclear energy

B. Geothermal energy

C. Solar photovoltaic energy

D. Wave energy

16 Which of the following is a possible environmental impact of offshore oil drilling?

A. Oil spills

B. Groundwater pollution

C. Acid tailings from mining

D. Dust

17 Which row in the table matches the problems with waste management to the appropriate strategy for improving sustainability?

18 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people are considered sustainable resource managers.

Which of the following is the most practical way that Australian society could improve its sustainability by incorporating the knowledge of Indigenous Australians into our lives?

A. Avoiding over-exploitation of resources by only taking as much as we need.

B. Following a nomadic lifestyle to avoid depleting resources in any one area.

C. Employing fire-stick farming in our local area to convert country to grasslands.

D. Planting crops of native plants like yams, grains and berries in our gardens.

Earth and Environmental Science

Section II – 80 marks Attempt Questions 21- Allow about 2 hours and 30 minutes for this section.

Answer the questions in the spaces provided. These spaces provide guidance for the expected length of response.

Question 21 (4 marks)

A student investigated the relationship between the temperature and density of water. This was part of a larger investigation on the Great Global Ocean Conveyor currents.

(a) Identify one risk that must be managed in this experiment.

.............................................................................................................

1

(b) Explain why the red and blue ink are moving in opposite directions.

............................................................................................................

.............................................................................................................

3

Question 22 (4 marks)

In the space below, draw a well-labelled diagram to explain how human activity can increase the frequency of landslides.

b) Extrapolate the extent of the sea ice for June 2020 by drawing the next data point on the graph.

1

c) 2012 was a record low year for Arctic sea ice.

To what extent does this data and other observations support the theory that the climate is warming?

.........................................................................................................

2

d) Use data from the table to support the claim that the world’s ice sheets are in danger from global warming.

...............................................................................................................

3

Question 24 (10 marks)

In your course, you conducted a practical investigation into the composition of household or organisational waste.

A waste audit was conducted in a high school over a period of one week. The graph shows the result of this audit.

a) If the total mass of all waste was 1632 kg, calculate the mass of ALL RECYCLABLE WASTE. Assume that green waste and food scraps are NOT recyclable in this case.

...............................................................................................................

2

b) Outline TWO reasons for the composition of waste generated by the school.

...............................................................................................................

2

Question 25 (6 marks)

a) Draw a series of diagrams to show the process of a supercontinent breaking apart. 4

b) Outline TWO important features of good scientific diagrams. 2

...............................................................................................................

Question 26 (4 marks)

Draw a FLOW DIAGRAM to explain the effect of sulfur dioxide aerosols from volcanic eruptions on global climate.

4

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