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Community Health Exam 1 Study Guide
Community Health Nursing (NR-442)
Chamberlain University
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Exam 1 Study Guide
Community Health / Public health nursing o Focuses on Disease prevention, health promotion and health maintenance o The synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice o Has the major goal to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations Public health o (1) Preventing disease, (2) Prolonging life, (3) Promoting health through organized community efforts to benefit each citizen o The mission of public health is social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it possible. o 3 CORES: Assessment, policy development, assurance Health o A state of complete well-being, physical, social, and mental, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity o Being sound in body, mind, and spirit; freedom from physical disease or pain Health protection o behaviors in which one engages with the specific intent to prevent disease, to detect disease in the early stages, or to maximize health Health promotion o Any combination of health education and related organizational, economic, and environmental supports for behavior of individuals, groups, or communities conductive to health o the promotion of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behavior towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. 3 levels of prevention o Primary - preventing a problem before it occurs Immunizations, wearing seatbelt, helmets Eating healthy, exercising, not smoking o Secondary - to early detection and prompt intervention Screenings – mammograms, colonoscopy, Case findings, early interventions o Tertiary - focuses on limitation of disability and rehabilitation Physical therapy, rehab, AA meetings, hospital care
Exam 1 Study Guide
Community o A collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity and belonging The health status of a community o is associated with several factors, such as health care access, economic conditions, social and environmental issues, and cultural practices Definition and Focus of Public Health and Community Health o Public health is the Science and Art of: Preventing disease Prolonging life Promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort Healthy People 2020
o A society in which all people live long, healthy lives
o Healthy people 2020 “challenges individuals, communities, and professionals to
take specific steps to ensure that good health, as well as long life, are enjyed by all”
o Mission: social justice, which entitles all people to basic necessities such as
adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it possible o Identify nationwide health improvement priorities o Increase public awareness and understanding of the determinants of health, disease, and disability and the opportunities for progress o Provide measurable objectives and goals that are applicable at the national, State, and local levels Public health nursing o The core functions of Public Health include Assessment, Policy Development, and Assurance
o Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems (e.,
community health profile, vital statistics, and health status). o The practice of promoting and protecting the health of populations o Uses knowledge from nursing, as well as social and public health sciences, to promote and protect the health of populations Community health nursing o Synthesis of nursing practice and public health to promote and preserve the health of populations o Care is directed to individuals, families, groups o Contributes to health of the total population
Exam 1 Study Guide
o The Hill-Burton Act cause the expenditure of vast sums of money and resulted in an increase in the number of beds, especially in general hospitals
Regional Medical Programs (RMPs) o make the latest technology for the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease, cancer, stroke, and related disease available to community health care providers through the establishment of regional cooperative arrangements among medical schools, research institutions, and hospitals o The goals of these cooperative arrangements were to improve the health manpower and facilities available to the communities Comprehensive health planning o Provided federal grants to states to establish and administer a local agency program to enact local comprehensive health care planning o Promoting and ensuring the highest level of health for every person and not interfering with the existing private practice patterns National health planning and resources development act o Increase accessibility to as well as acceptability, continuity, and quality of health services; control over the rising costs of health care services; and prevention of unnecessary duplication of health resources Epidemiology o The study of the distribution and determinants of health and disease in human populations and is the principal science of public health o The central goals of epidemiology are describing the disease patterns, identifying the etiological factors in disease development, and taking the most effective preventive measures The Epidemiologic Triangle
Exam 1 Study Guide
Use of epidemiology in disease control and prevention o Person-place-time model Person: “Who” factors, such as demographic characteristics, health, and disease status Place: “Where” factors, such as geographic location, climate and environmental conditions, and political and social environment Time: “When” factors, such as time of day, week, or month and secular trends over months and years o Epidemiological triangle - Three elements: agent, host, and environment o Risk factors Variables that increase the rate of disease in people who have them Examples: a genetic predisposition or in people exposed to them (e., an infectious agent or a diet high in saturated fat) Use of epidemiology in disease prevention o Screening - identify risk factors and diseases in their earliest stages o Surveillance - mechanism for the ongoing collection of community health information Descriptive epidemiology - focuses on the amount and distribution of health and health problems within a population Analytic epidemiology - investigates the causes of disease by determining why a disease rate is lower in one population group than in another Epidemiological methods o Observational studies Do not allow the investigator to manipulate the specific exposure or experience or to control or limit the effects of other extraneous factors that may influence disease development o Cross-sectional studies Examines relationships between potential causal factors and disease at a specific time o Retrospective studies Compares individuals with a particular condition or disease and those who do not have the disease o Prospective studies Monitors a group of disease-free individuals to determine whether and when disease occurs
Exam 1 Study Guide
Private health care subsystem o Includes personal care services from various sources, both nonprofit and profit, and numerous voluntary agencies Public health subsystem o Prevention of disease and illness Chain of transmission o The chain of transmission has six links: infectious agent, reservoir, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and host susceptibility o Infectious Agents an organism (virus, rickettsia, bacteria, fungus, protozoan, helminth, or prion) capable of producing infection or infectious disease o Reservoirs The environment in which a pathogen lives and multiplies is the reservoir. Reservoirs can be humans, animals, arthropods, plants, soil, water, or any other organic substance o Portals of exit and entry Portals of exit include respiratory secretions, vaginal secretions, semen, saliva, lesion exudates, blood, and feces o Modes of Transmission Method whereby the infectious agent is transmitted Modes of transmission: Direct : Person to person o Transmitted through a touch, bite, kiss, or sexual contact o Flu or STDs Indirect : Implies a vehicle of transmission o Coughing, sneezing, sending infectious droplets into the air Fecal-oral transmission can be direct or indirect Vectors : animals or arthropods, and they can transmit through biological and mechanical routes o malaria, hemorrhagic fevers, and viral encephalitis Breaking the chain of transmission o Controlling the Agent o Eradicating the Nonhuman Reservoir o Controlling the Human Reservoir
Exam 1 Study Guide
o Controlling the Portals of Exit and Entry
Public health control of infectious diseases o Control, Elimination, and Eradication o Most human disease (e., cancer or diabetes) can be classified as personal health problems o Individuals with personal health problems can be treated by the health care system one person at a time Communicable diseases prevention o Wash your hands often o Keep immunizations for yourself, your family and your pets up to date o Use antibiotics as prescribed by your doctor o Practice safe sex o Use insect/mosquito repellents o Practice good hygiene Medicare o For people ages 65 and older o Federal program funded by taxpayers o Established by President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1965 o Medicare part A – is a hospital insurance Covers short-term inpatient stays in hospital and for services like hospice Skilled nursing facility care and in-home healthcare services o Medicare part B – covers everyday needs doctor’s appointments, urgent care visits, counseling, medical equipment and preventive care o Medicare part C (Medicare advantage) – combines part A and B and aspects of part D Offered by private insurance companies and are overseen by Medicare o Medicare part D – prescription drug coverage Stand-alone plans that only cover medications Can be provided through private insurance companies also Affordable Care Act o National health insurance program that requires all citizens to be covered by one or a combination of insurance programs Affordable care act provision 2020
o Intend to address rising health costs include providing more oversight
of health insurance premiums and practices
Community Health Exam 1 Study Guide
Course: Community Health Nursing (NR-442)
University: Chamberlain University
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