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Chapter 4 Workbook Skin and Body Membranes
Human Anatomy and Physiology I (BIO 203 )
Hagerstown Community College
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Body membranes, which cover body surfaces, line its cavities, and form protec- tive sheets around organs, fall into two major categories. These are epithelial membranes (skin epidermis, mucosae, and serosae) and the connective tissue synovial membranes.
Topics for review in this chapter include a comparison of structure and func- tion of various membranes, anatomical characteristics of the skin (com posed of the connective tissue dermis and the epidermis) and its derivatives, and the manner in which the skin responds to both internal and external stimuli to protect the body.
CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MEMBRANES
- Complete the following table relating to body membranes. Enter your responses in the areas left blank.
Tissue type Membrane (epithelial/connective) Common locations Functions
Mucous Epithelial sheet with underlying connective tissue (lamina propria)
Serous Lines internal ventral body cavities and covers their organs
Cutaneous Protection from external insults and water loss
Synovial Lines cavities of synovial joints
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SKIN AND BODY
MEMBRANES
4
- Four simplified diagrams are shown in Figure 4 –1. Select different colors for the membranes listed below and use them to color the coding circles and the corresponding structures.
○ Cutaneous membrane ○ Parietal pleura (serosa) ○ Synovial membrane
○ Mucosae ○ Visceral pericardium (serosa)
○ Visceral pleura (serosa) ○ Parietal pericardium (serosa)
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Figure 4–
Basic Structure of the Skin
- Figure 4–2 depicts a longitudinal section of the skin. (A) Label the skin structures and areas indicated by leader lines and brackets on the figure. (B) Select different colors for the structures below and color the coding circles and the corresponding structures on the figure.
○ Arrector pili muscle
○ Adipose tissue
○ Hair follicle
○ Nerve fibers
○ Sweat (sudoriferous)
gland
○ Sebaceous gland
(C) Which bracket(s) compose(s) the cutaneous membrane? ______________.
The more superficial cells of the epidermis become less viable and ultimately die. Which two factors account for this natural demise of the epidermal cells?
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Figure 4–
- Using the key choices, complete the crossword puzzle by answering each of the clues provided.
Key Choices
Dermis (as a whole) Reticular layer Stratum granulosum Epidermis (as a whole) Stratum basale Stratum lucidum Papillary layer Stratum corneum Stratum spinosum
Across 4. Epidermal layer containing the oldest cells. 5. Major skin area from which the derivatives (hair, nails) arise. 6. Vascular region; site of elastic and collagen fibers.
Down
- Dermis layer responsible for fingerprints.
- Translucent cells containing keratin.
- Epidermal region involved in rapid cell division and melanin formation.
1 2 3 4 5 6
Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.
Reticular layer Keratin Dermal papillae Meissner’s corpuscles Group: ______
Mole Freckle Wart Malignant melanoma Group: ______
Prickle cells Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Cell shrinkage Group: ______
Meissner’s corpuscles Lamellar corpuscles Merkel’s cells Arrector pili Group: ______
Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes 63
- Figure 4–3 is a diagram of a cross-sectional view of a hair in its follicle. Complete this figure by following the directions in steps 1–3.
(A) Identify the two portions of the follicle wall by placing the correct name of the sheath at the end of the appropriate leader line and color these regions using two different colors.
(B) Label, color-code, and color the three following regions of the hair.
○ Cortex ○ Cuticle ○ Medulla
Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.
Luxuriant hair growth Testosterone Poor nutrition Good blood supply Group: _________
Vitamin Cholesterol UV radiation Keratin Group: _________
Dermis Nail matrix Hair matrix Stratum basale Group: _________
Scent glands Eccrine glands Genital Axilla Group: _________
Scalp hair Vellus hair Dark, coarse hair Eyebrow hair Group: _________
What is the scientific term for baldness? ____________________________________
Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes 65
Follicle wall
Hair
Figure 4–
- Using the key choices, complete the following statements. Insert the appropriate letter(s) or term(s) in the answer blanks. Items may have more than one answer.
Key Choices
A. Arrector pili C. Hair E. Sebaceous glands G. Sweat gland (eccrine) B. Cutaneous receptors D. Hair follicle(s) F. Sweat gland (apocrine)
_________________________ 1. A blackhead is an accumulation of oily material produced by (1).
_________________________ 2. Tiny muscles attached to hair follicles that pull the hair upright during fright or cold are called (2).
_________________________ 3. The most numerous variety of perspiration gland is the (3).
_________________________ 4. A sheath formed of both epithelial and connective tissues is the (4).
_________________________ 5. A less numerous variety of perspiration gland is the (5). Its secretion (often milky in appearance) contains proteins and other substances that favor bacterial growth.
_________________________ 6. (6) is found everywhere on the body except the palms of the hands, soles of the feet, and lips, and primarily consists of dead keratinized cells.
_________________________ 7. (7) are specialized nerve endings that respond to temperature and touch, for example.
_________________________ 8. (8) become more active at puberty.
_________________________ 9. Part of the heat-liberating apparatus of the body is the (9).
_________________________ 10. (10) secretion contains bacteria killing substances.
Circle the term that does not belong in each of the following groupings. Then, fill in the answer blanks with the correct group name.
Sebaceous gland Hair Arrector pili Epidermis Group: _________
Radiation Absorption Conduction Evaporation Group: _________
Cortex Medulla Cuticle Epithelial sheath Group: _________
Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Papillary layer Group: _________
Cyanosis Erythema Wrinkles Pallor Group: _________
66 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook
- What does ABCD mean in reference to examination of pigmented areas? _____________________
DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE SKIN
AND BODY MEMBRANES
- Match the choices (letters or terms) in Column B with the appropriate descriptions in Column A.
Column A
_________________________ 1. Skin inflammations that increase in frequency with age
_________________________ 2. Cause of graying hair
_________________________ 3. Small white bumps on the skin of newborn babies, resulting from accumulations of sebaceous gland material
_________________________ 4. Reflects the loss of insulating subcu taneous tissue with age
_________________________ 5. A common consequence of accelerated sebaceous gland activity during adolescence
_________________________ 6. Oily substance produced by the fetus’s sebaceous glands
_________________________ 7. The hairy “cloak” of the fetus
A Visualization Exercise for the Skin
Your immediate surroundings resemble huge grotesquely twisted vines... you begin to climb upward.
- Where necessary, complete statements by inserting the missing words in the answer blanks.
For this trip, you are miniaturized for injection into your host’s skin. Your journey begins when you are deposited in a soft gel-like substance. Your immediate surroundings resemble huge grotesquely twisted vines. But when you peer carefully at the closest “vine,” you realize you are actually seeing
68 Anatomy & Physiology Coloring Workbook
Column B
A. Acne
B. Cold intolerance
C. Dermatitis
D. Delayed-action gene
E. Lanugo
F. Milia
G. Vernix caseosa
INCREDIBLE JOURNEY
connective tissue fibers. Although tangled together, most of the fibers are fairly straight and look like strong cables. You identify these as the (1) fibers. Here and there are fibers that resemble coiled springs. These must be the (2) fibers that help give skin its springiness. At this point, there is little question that you are in the (3) region of the skin, particularly considering that you can also see blood vessels and nerve fibers around you.
Carefully, using the fibers as steps, you begin to climb upward. After climbing for some time and finding that you still haven’t reached the upper regions of the skin, you stop for a rest. As you sit, a strange-looking cell approaches, mov- ing slowly with parts alternately flowing forward and then receding. Suddenly you realize that this must be a (4) that is about to dispose of an intruder (you) unless you move in a hurry! You scramble to your feet and resume your upward climb. On your right is a large fibrous structure that looks like a tree trunk anchored in place by muscle fibers. By scurrying up this (5) sheath, you are able to escape from the cell. Once safely out of harm’s way, you again scan your surroundings. Directly overhead are tall cubelike cells, forming a continuous sheet. In your rush to escape, you have reached the (6) layer of the skin. As you watch the activity of the cells in this layer, you notice that many of the cells are pinching in two, and the daughter cells are being forced upward. Obviously, this is the layer that continually replaces cells that rub off the skin surface, and these cells are the (7) cells.
Looking through the transparent cell membrane of one of the basal cells, you see a dark mass hang- ing over its nucleus. You wonder if this cell could have a tumor; but then, looking through the membranes of the neighboring cells, you find that they also have dark umbrella-like masses hang- ing over their nuclei. As you consider this matter, a black cell with long tentacles begins to pick its way carefully between the other cells. As you watch with interest, one of the transparent cells engulfs the tip of one of the black cell’s tentacles. Within seconds a black substance appears above the transparent cell’s nucleus. Suddenly, you remember that one of the skin’s functions is to pro tect the deeper layers from sun damage; the black substance must be the protective pigment (8).
Once again you begin your upward climb and notice that the cells are becoming shorter and harder and are full of a waxy-looking substance. This substance has to be (9) , which would account for the increasing hardness of the cells. Climbing still higher, the cells become flattened like huge shingles. The only material apparent in the cells is the waxy substance—there is no nucleus and there appears to be no activity in these cells. Considering the clues—shingle-like cells, no nuclei, full of the waxy substance, no activity—these cells are obviously (10) and therefore very close to the skin surface.
Suddenly, you feel a strong agitation in your immediate area. The pressure is tremendous. Looking upward through the transparent cell layers, you see your host’s fingertips vigorously scratching the area directly overhead. You wonder if you are causing his skin to sting or tickle. Then, within sec- onds, the cells around you begin to separate and fall apart, and you are catapulted out into the sunlight. Because the scratching fingers might descend once again, you quickly advise your host of your whereabouts.
Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes 69
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####### _________________________ 8.
####### _________________________ 9.
####### _________________________ 10.
After studying the skin in anatomy class, Toby grabbed the large “love handles” at his waist and said, “I have too thick a hypodermis, but that’s okay because this layer performs some valuable functions!” What are the functions of the hypodermis?
A man got his finger caught in a machine at the factory. The damage was less serious than expected, but nonetheless, the entire nail was torn from his right index finger. The parts lost were the body, root, bed, matrix, and cuticle of the nail. First, define each of these parts. Then, tell if this nail is likely to grow back.
In cases of a ruptured appendix, what serous membrane is likely to become infected? Why can this be life-threatening?
Mrs. Gaucher received second-degree burns on her abdomen when she dropped a kettle of boiling water. She asked the clinic physician (worriedly) if she would have to have a skin graft. What do you think he told her?
Which two factors in the treatment of critical third-degree burn patients are absolutely essential?
Both newborn and aged individuals have very little subcutaneous tissue. How does this affect their sensitivity to cold?
Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes 71
- Select the best answer or answers from the choices given.
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Which is not part of the skin? A. Epidermis C. Dermis B. Hypodermis D. Superficial fascia
Which of the following is not a tissue type found in the skin? A. Stratified squamous epithelium B. Loose connective tissue C. Dense irregular connective tissue D. Ciliated columnar epithelium E. Vascular tissue
Epidermal cells that aid in the immune response include: A. Merkel’s cells. C. melanocytes. B. dendritic cells. D. spinosum cells.
Which epidermal layer has a high concentration of Langerhans’ cells and has numerous desmosomes and thick bundles of keratin filaments? A. Stratum corneum B. Stratum lucidum C. Stratum granulosum D. Stratum spinosum
Fingerprints are caused by: A. the genetically determined arrangement of dermal papillae. B. the conspicuous epidermal ridges. C. the sweat pores. D. all of these.
Some infants are born with a fuzzy skin; this is due to: A. vellus hairs. C. lanugo. B. terminal hairs. D. hirsutism.
What is the major factor accounting for the waterproof nature of the skin? A. Desmosomes in stratum corneum B. Glycolipid between stratum corneum cells C. The thick insulating fat of the hypodermis D. The leathery nature of the dermis
Which of the following is true concerning oil production in the skin? A. Oil is produced by sudoriferous glands. B. Secretion of oil is the job of the apocrine glands. C. The secretion is called sebum. D. Oil is usually secreted into hair follicles.
Contraction of the arrector pili would be “sensed” by: A. Merkel’s discs. B. tactile corpuscles. C. hair follicle receptors. D. lamellated corpuscles.
A dermatologist examines a patient with lesions on the face. Some of the lesions appear as shiny, raised spots; others are ulcerated with beaded edges. What is the diagnosis? A. Melanoma B. Squamous cell carcinoma C. Basal cell carcinoma D. Either squamous or basal cell carcinoma
Components of sweat include: A. water. D. ammonia. B. sodium chloride. E. sebum. C. vitamin D.
THE FINALE: MULTIPLE CHOICE
Chapter 4 Workbook Skin and Body Membranes
Course: Human Anatomy and Physiology I (BIO 203 )
University: Hagerstown Community College
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