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HIST 105 - Final - History of the US with Dr. Damon Bach
(HIST 1301) History of the United States (HIST 105)
Texas A&M University
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The South and Slavery
Distinctiveness of the Old South ● Illiteracy rate was 3x higher in south than north ○ Bc not many public schools ● Agricultural society ○ Climate was perfect for rice, indigo, tobacco, cotton ○ They wanted no manufacture, trading, etc in taught in schools ● Cotton integral to the economy ● Race-based Slavery as most distinguishing factor of south ○ Calhoun addressed slavery as their (south’s) peculiar institution ● Whites of all classes supported slavery ● Few immigrants ● Planters argued that the south was morally superior to the North ○ Slave owners saw themselves as kind - taking care of their slaves ○ Contrast to north where they treated their immigrant workers badly
Three Subsections ● Lower south (deep south) ○ Louisiana, Alabama, South Carolina, ○ Cotton slave labor forces ● Upper south ○ North Carolina, Tennessee, Arkansas, Virginia ● Border south ○ Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri ○ They have been losing slaves bc cotton could not be sustained there ○ 90% of Delaware’s black population became free and half of Maryland’s
“Cotton is King” ● Cotton fueled northern and British textile mills ○ Cotton became most profitable crop ● Beyond cotton, the south was home to vast quantities of livestock ○ Pork was a staple dietary item for both blacks and whites ○ South was called “republic of porkdom” ● Cotton spread from Virginia and Maryland to the old southwest
● Cotton planters grew immensely wealthy ○ ⅔ of nation’s richest Americans lived in the south ○ 12 richest counties of US was in the south ○ Natchez, Mississippi had richest ppl ● South was global leaders in global production
Planters ● Controlled the south’s political, economic, and social life ○ Planters considered themselves aristocrats ○ For leisure they hunted, played cards, drank alc ● Competitive capitalists ● Cult of honor ○ If one’s reputation was challenged a duel would be in order Plantation Mistress ● Women had less freedom in the south than the north ○ Due to patriarchy and cult of honor ○ Men thought it was their utmost duty to protect women ● Women expected to be pure and virtuous ○ But men were engaged in other sexual activity ● More involved in economic life than northern women ○ Women on smaller farms helped supervise slaves and engaged in weaving production ● Supported slavery - most plantation mistresses supported slavery because they kept them wealthy and comfortable ● Mary Chestnut ○ Wrote in her diary most women know which men had impregnated which slave women except for their own ○ She said she had few rights in the house and that her husband was master of the house ○ Her duty as a wife was to honor, obey, and serve husband
● Overseers - day to day plantation managers ○ White men of various stature
○ They were not really free ○ They occupied a status between free and slavery ○ They had to pay an annual tax ○ They were not allowed to leave the state ○ They were required to have a white guardian after 1823 ○ Most lived in cities (New Orleans, Baltimore, and charleston) ○ Work as butchers, blacksmith, shoe repairers, etc ○ Free black women were seamstresses, laundresses, etc ● They became free by purchasing their freedom ● They could own property and enter into contracts ● Small percentage of blacks owned slaves themselves
The Slave Trade ● Average price of slaves quadrupled between 1800 and 1860 ● Life expectancy of slaves: 36 ○ While whites were expected to live till 40 ● Slave auctions ○ Slaves were made into products before being sold ■ Groomed, fed butter to fatten ○ Traders examined slaves before purchase ○ Families were separated ● “The Fancy Trade” ○ Some desired beautiful women for sex
Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854) ● Repealed Missouri compromise line at 36 30’ ● Kansas and Nebraska territories created ● Open to popular sovereignty ○ Territories determined whether they would allow slavery or not ● Douglas increased tension btw north and south
The Politics of Slavery, the Emergence of the Republican Party, and the
Coming of the Civil War
The Republican Party
● Whig party dissolves ○ Kansas-Nebraska act destroyed the whig party ● “No Nothing” Party - built on nativism (anti-foreigner, anti-catholic party) ● Republican Party: made up by northern whigs, independent democrats, and free soilers ● Abraham Lincoln ○ Opposed to slavery ○ Tried to appeal K-N act
“Bleeding Kansas” ● Two illegal governments operated in Lecompton and Topeka ● Civil war in the state ● The sack of Lawrence ● John Brown ● Pottawatomie Creek Massacre ● The vote of pro/anti-slavery was a fraud but governor did nothing abt it in fear of being killed
Violence in the Senate ●
Election of 1856 ● No Nothing party - 27%
James Buchanan ● Buchanan was ranked worst president in American history ● Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) ○ Dred scott was a missouri slave that was taken in to illinois where slavery was forbidden ○ When his master died scott sued widow for freedom ○ Buchanan pressed supreme court to rule against scott ○ Court ruled that scott could not bring suit because he is not a citizen ○ He said blacks could not be a citizen of the US ○ Court ruled that scott was property ○ Court argued congress possessed no power to tell someone what to do with their slave property
● Buchanan did nothing about secession ● Confederate states’ ordinances of secession: defense and preservation of slavery ○ Primary reason of secession : preservation of slavery ● Lincoln’s inaugural address ○ Declared no states can lawfully get out of the union ● Confederacy attacked Fort Sumter (4/12/1861)
The Civil War Begins
Overview ● Fall of Fort Sumter produced wave of patriotism and militarism on both sides ● Lincoln’s initial objective ○ Maintain the Union ● Fundamental cause of Civil War: Slavery
Choosing Sides ● Nearly everyone was forced to choose sides ● Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy after fighting began ○ The western Virginians were so loyal to the Union that they formed their own state - West Virginia ● Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri: slave states that remained within the Union ● 100,000 Southerners fought against the Confederacy ● 3 million men served on one side or the other
Regional Advantages ● North ○ Human resources ○ 23 states and 22 million people ○ Industrial development ○ Navy ○ Railroads and wagons ○ Difficult for Europeans to deliver firearms to south ● South
○ Fought on its home turf ○ Deep trenches and well-fortified defensive positions ○ 11 states and 9 million people ○ More experienced officers and better horsemanship
Civil War ● First Bull Run (7/21/1861) ○ First major battle of civil war ○ Many believed there would be one decisive battle and the war would be over ○ People watched the battle because they did not want to miss it ● Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson ● The Union’s “Anaconda” Plan ○ Meant to “squeeze” the south ○ Put constant pressure on confederate capital at Richmond ○ Gain control of Mississippi, Tennessee, and Cumberland rivers in order to divide confederacy ○ Blockade southern ports to deny entry of food or weapons for south ● Confederate strategy ○ Hold union off until northerners force lincoln into settlement
The Soldiers and Sailors ● Ulysses S. Grant ○ Kicked out of army for binge drinking ○ Rejoined the army in time for civil war ● 20% of Union army made up by immigrants ○ Average age was 26 ● Draft instituted on both sides ○ Confederate - all men 18 - 25 were required to serve for 3 years ■ Unless you pay $ ○ Union drafted unless you can pay $ ○ “Rich man’s war, Poor man’s fight” ● Why did they fight? ○ Duty, honor, patriotism ○ North - free the slaves
○ These acts resulted in increase in violence in south ● Conservative “Redeemer” Democrats ○ Aimed to overthrow republican government ○ KKK helped democratic party ● North lost interest in federal enforcement of reconstruction and equal rights for African Americans ● By 1876 most of the Radical Republican regimes had been ousted from power ● Compromise of 1877 - democrats “allowed” hays (republican) to become president if they removed troops from the south
Legacy of Reconstruction ● Former slaves tried to achieve dignity and equality in American life ● African Americans created or strengthened their own institutions ● Reconstruction notable for its limitations ○ No lasting political changes made to south other than 13th amendment ● 14th and 15th amendments laid a basis for freedom in the 1960s
EXAM REVIEW
- What term is defined as the idea that residents of territories are free or slave states? a. Popular sovereignty
- What is transcendentalism? a. Going beyond the bounds of reason and elevating elements like intuition, feelings, connection with nature, etc
- Leaders of transcendentalism? a. Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau
- What is the Wilmot Proviso? a. Proposal to ban slavery in any territory that might be from Mexico
- 6 major topics : a. Lead up to civil war (everything that causes civil war) b. Civil war (slavery) c. Religion i. 2nd great awakening
ii. Romanticism d. Major antebellum reform movements i. Women’s rights ii. Temperance iii. Abolition e. Reconstruction f. Western Expansion 6. The most notable slave rebellion? Went from house to house killing white slave owners a. Nat Turner’s Rebellion in Virginia (1831) 7. What was the fancy trade? a. The trade of beautiful women 8. What was the main cause of the civil war? a. Slavery 9. Which battle turned the tide to Union aka Glorious Suicide a. Gettysburg 10. Why is antitum an important civil war battle a. The great victory lincoln needed to issue his emancipation proclamation 11. Which state had both slavery/anti-slavery governments? a. Kansas - popular sovereignty resulting in Kansas-Nebraska Act which repealed Missouri compromise 12. Dred Scott - renders federal government incapable of controlling slavery 13. Fugitive slave act - part of compromise of 1850; 5 bills were passed 14. Election of Lincoln - immediate cause of succession 15. Lincoln’s plan for reconstruction vs radical reconstruction a. Lincoln - quick restoration of southern states with 10% plan (10% has to take an oath to US constitution and they would be readmitted) b. Radicals - land redistribution to freed slaves, fundamental transformation of south, breakup of democrat party,
HIST 105 - Final - History of the US with Dr. Damon Bach
Course: (HIST 1301) History of the United States (HIST 105)
University: Texas A&M University
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